Prévia do material em texto
INDEX Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures, t indicate tables, and b indicate boxes. A Alzheimer’s disease Deese/Roediger–McDermott paradigm in patients with, 125f memantine, impact of, 36, 37f repetition lag procedure, 132 transcranial direct current stimulation, 180 Amnestic syndrome confabulations, reduction of, 174–177, 176f epidemiology, 161–163 errorless learning, 163–170 etiology, 161–163 guidelines, 162–164 orientation training, 173–174 retrieval practice, 170–173 semantic structuring for memory performance in, 104 vanishing cues method, 163–170, 165f Aphasia, 168–169 Atkinson and Shiffrin model, 76, 77f, 108–109, 108f Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) neurofeedback, 181–182 working memory training in, 115 Autobiographical memory training, 135–138 B Barthel Index (BI), 14–16, 20 Bilateral orbitofrontal cortex (BOFC) lesions, 101–102, 103t Binary data, 38–40 and risk reduction, 40–44 special meaning, 38–40 Brain injury, acquired, 30b C California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), 71–74, 84–85, 102f, 162–163, 180 Cardiosomatic coupling, 13–14, 15f Chi-square tests, 40, 52 CIMT. SeeConstrained-inducedmovement therapy (CIMT) Clinical scales and outcome measurement, 45 Cochrane reviews on fluoxetine, 31b for neuropsychological disorders in stroke, 10–11, 11t systematic scoring system, 37–38, 37f Cogmed QM, 119–120 Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 20–21 Cognitive reserve, 3 Compensation, 4–5 external, 8–9 internal, 5–6, 76–77 Compensation of memory disorders through external memory aids, 149–160 Concealment, 25–26 Conceptual aspects of treatment studies, meaning of, 66–69 Confabulations, 174–177, 176f Consolidation, memory impairments, 76–77 Constrained-induced movement therapy (CIMT), 6, 18–19 Context-memory, 128–129 Craniopharyngioma, 128 CVLT. See California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) D Declarative memory, 163–164 Deep encoding, 89–114 Deese/Roediger–McDermott paradigm, 123–124, 124f Delayed memory, 121 195 196 Index Double-blind study, 28–30 Drop-outs, 32–36 Dual trace model, 123–128 E EBM. See Evidence-based medicine (EBM) Ecological validity, 19–20 Electronic memory aids, 150–156 Encoding process, 85–89, 85f, 87f Episodic memory, 119–123, 161 Errorless learning method in domain-specific memory impaired patients, 168–170, 169f in memory-impaired patients, 163–168 Evidence-based medicine (EBM) Cochrane reviews, 10–11, 11t components, 9–10 definition, 9–10 guidelines, 10–13 levels of evidence, 22–24, 23t quality of life, 16–17 randomized controlled trials, 32t bias evaluation, 37–38 drop-outs, 32–36, 34f evaluation equality, 26–28 observational equality, 28–31 structural equality, 24–26 single-case experimental designs definition, 55–57 problems, 57–63 RoBINT Scale, 64–66 statistical analysis of teatment studies binary outcome measures, 38–40, 42t ordinal data, 45 parametric evaluation, 45–47 power calculation, 47–53, 50–51f risk and risk reduction, 40–44, 43t treatment effects, 13–18, 17t External memory aids, 168 F Far-transfer effect, 19–22, 121, 122f Frontal System Behavior Scale (FrSBS), 83 Functional independence measure (FIM), 14–16, 20 G Geriatric Depression Scale, 139–140 Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score, 13–14 Guidelines for treating mild to moderate impaired patients, 144–147 the usage of external memory aids, 158f H Herpes encephalitis, 161 I Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (iADL scales), 20 Intention to treat (ITT) analysis, 26–27 Item-specific memory, 128–129 K Korsakoff’s amnesics, 104–106, 165–166 memory performance of patients with, 90, 91f proactive interference on list learning in, 92, 93f L Last observation carried forward (LOCF) analysis, 36 Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) lesions, 101–102, 103t M Maladaptation, 6–7 Memory aids classification, 158–160, 159t electronic, 150–156 external, 85–86, 149, 159t guideline for usage, 160 spontaneous use of, 149–150 Memory books, 150, 166–168, 166t, 167f Memory errors, 174–175 hits and false positive in memory tests, 123–124 Memory impairments, 162 compensatory treatments, 149–160 consolidation, 76–77 electronic memory aids, 150–156 197Index German guideline for treating patients with, 158, 158f interference effects, 109–110, 109t neurofeedback, 181–182 persistence of, 74–76 prevalence, 71–74, 72–73t, 73f recovery, 74–76 transcranial direct current stimulation, 179–181 treatment for, 74–76, 76f Memory performance animal research on recovery of, 74–76 repetition lag procedure, 128–135, 129–130f working memory training, 115–119, 115–116f Memory rehabilitation autobiographical memory training, 135–138 consolidation, 123–135 deep vs. shallow encoding, 89–96 encoding process, 85–89 guidelines, 75–76, 76f, 85, 144–147, 144f randomized controlled trial modified Story Memory Technique, 82–85 on visual imagery to improve memory performance, 79–82 recollection training, 108–114 repetition lag procedure, 128–135 semantic structuring, 97–114 SenseCam, 135–138 spaced retrieval, 138–143 transfer appropriate processing, 97–107 via teaching patients mnemonic strategies, 76–79, 78f Mild to moderate memory disorders German guidelines for treatment, 87f, 91f, 144–147, 144f guidelines, 144–147 semantic structuring, 97–107, 98t, 103f transfer appropriate processing, 97–107, 99f Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), 139–140, 180–181 Mnemonic methods, 76–85, 78f Modified Story Memory Technique (mSMT), 82–83, 84f Multiple sclerosis (MS) cognitive training, 33–34, 35f modified Story Memory Technique treatment, 84f N N-back task, 131 Near transfer effect, 19–22, 134 Neurofeedback (NF), 67b, 181–182 NeuroPage, 150–153, 151f Neuropsychological neglect therapy, 52 Neurorehabilitation, 1–9 Noncognitive treatments of memory impairments, 179–182 O Ordinal data, 45 Orientation training, 173–174 P Papez circuit, 74–75, 126–128, 161 Parametric evaluation of treatment effects, 45–47 Part of the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite Score (PASAT), 44 PEDro scale, 38, 38f Per-protocol (PP), 27–28 Placebo vs. verum treatments, 28, 29t, 30–31 Planning and Execution Assistant and Trainer (PEAT) software, 154–155 Posterior cerebral artery (PCA), 54 Post-hoc statistical testing, 107f Post-stroke memory dysfunction, in nondemented patients, 71, 72t Power calculation, 47–53, 50–51f Preview, question, repeat, state, test (PQRST) method, 76–77, 97–98 Proactive interference, 92–94, 93f Problems with group studies on treatment effects, 53–55 Psychotherapy, 2 198 Index R Randomization, 23–25, 64 Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 19, 32t, 53 bias evaluation, 37–38 concealment, 25–26 drop-outs, 32–36 evaluation equality, 26–28 modified Story Memory Technique, 82–85 observational equality, 28–31 structural equality, 24–26 RBMT. See Rivermead behavioral memory test (RBMT) Recall memory performance, 86–87, 98–99, 103t Recency judgments, 175–177 Regression analysis, 46–47, 86–87 Rehabilitation of Memory, 76 Relative risk reduction, 41 Remembering by familiarity, 124–128 Remembering by recollection, 124–128 Repetition lag procedure, 128–135, 129–130f Residual memory performance, 163, 173 Restitution, 3–5 Restitutive training, 156–157 Retrieval practice, 170–173 Rivermead behavioral memory test (RBMT), 19–20, 79–80, 133, 163 RoBINT Scale, 64–66, 65f S SCED. See Single-case experimental designs (SCED) “Selbsterhaltungstherapie,” 135–136 Self-order pointing task, 131 Self-rated questionnaires, 22 Semantic structuring, 97–114, 97f, 98t, 103f SenseCams, 135–138, 136f, 159–160, 173–174 Sensorimotor rhythm (SMR), 66–67 Serial clustering, 7–8, 7f Single-case experimental designs (SCED), 57–58f, 150–152 baseline, stability of, 60, 61f definition, 55–57 problems, 57–63 RoBINT Scale, 64–66, 65f in teaching severely-memory-impaired patient, 166–168, 167f Smartphones, 149 Source-monitoring task, 131 Spaced retrieval, 138–143, 141f, 170–171 Standard deviation (SD), 50 Stroke, 10–11, 11t, 132–133, 180–181 SubjectiveMemory Complaint Questionnaire, 139–140 T TBI. See Traumatic brain injury (TBI) Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), 179–181 anodal stimulation, 179 cathodal stimulation, 179 Transfer appropriate processing model, 95–107, 97f, 98t, 99f Traumatic brain injury (TBI), 149, 171–172 consolidation deficits, 114 modified Story Memory Technique treatment, 84f NeuroPage, impact of, 150–152 orientation training in, 173–174 Treadmill exercise, 33 Treatment of severely impaired, amnestic patients, 161–177 V Vanishing Cues method in domain-specific memory impaired patients, 168–170 in memory-impaired patients, 163–168, 165f Vascular dementia (VD), 68b Visual field loss, 4–5 Visual imagery, to improve memory performance, 79–82, 81–82t Visuospatial working memory, 119–120 199Index W Wechsler memory scale score, 80–82 WoMe training, 121, 134 Word-fluency tasks, 121 Working memory training, 115–119 in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 115 on daily life measures, 115f for encoding and retrieval, 119, 119f to improve episodic memory, 119–123 on neuropsychological test, 116–117, 116f in patients with acquired brain damage, 117 and semantic structuring, 120–121 Z Z-scores, 50–51, 172–173 Index