Index_1998_Handbook-of-Neurolinguistics

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INDEX 
A 
Acquired childhood epileptic aphasia, s e e Landau- 
Kleffner syndrome 
ADD, s e e Attention deficit disorder 
ADE s e e Aphasia Diagnostic Profiles 
Aging, s e e Senescence 
Agrammatism 
Cross-Language Agrammatism Study, 223-224 
definition, 222-223, 249-250 
history of study, 30, 49-53 
lexical representation and access, 228 
parametric variation of languages, 224-228 
sentence production 
adaptive strategies, 259 
constructional aspect, 256, 258 
linguistic-descriptive approach to agrammatic 
production, 256-257 
morphological aspect, 255-258 
nonfluency, 256, 258-259 
processing approach to agrammatic 
production, 258-259 
verb naming deficits, 5 
AI, s e e Artificial intelligence 
Alexia, s e e Pure alexia 
Alexithymia 
brain damage as cause, 308 
bulimia nervosa association, 309 
Algebra, s e e Number processing 
Alzheimer's disease, s e e Dementia of the 
Alzheimer's type 
American Sign Language (ASL) 
aphasia 
comprehension, 322-323 
fluent aphasia and lesions, 325 
morphology errors, 322 
nonfluent aphasia and lesions, 324-325 
phonemic paraphasias, 320-321 
production of language, 320 
right-hemisphere-damaged signers 
classifier production impairment, 326-327 
discourse impairment, 326 
syntactic comprehension, 327-328 
syntax errors, 322 
apraxia, 328-329 
classifiers, 315 
discourse, 316 
event-related potential studies, 119-120 
facial expressions, 315-316 
fingerspelling, 316-317 
hemispheric specialization in deaf, 202-203, 
317-320, 323-329 
individual variability in signing skills, 314 
morphology, 315 
phonology, 315 
syntax, 316 
Amobarbital test, s e e Intracarotid sodium amytal 
test 
Angular gyrus 
maturation, 19 
role in aphasia recovery, 185 
A n l a g e n , ontogenesis, 17-18 
Anomia 
lesion site analysis, 132 
noun naming deficits, 5 
treatment studies, 570 
APA, s e e Arcuate premotor area 
Aphasia, s e e a l s o s p e c i f i c a p h a s i a s 
aging effects on types, 364-365 
central executive role in language processing, 
296-297 
computational transcript analysis, s e e Child 
Language Data Exchange System 
discourse impairments, 268-269 
evaluation, s e e s p e c i f i c t e s t s 
history of research, 13-15, 30, 32, 40, 43, 
45-47, 54 
laterality, 389-390 
lesion site analysis, 131-132, 169-170, 
182-183 
models in therapy, 586 
morphology breakdown, 221-234 
phonetic errors, s e e Phonetic deficit 
773 
774 Index 
Aphasia ( c o n t i n u e d ) 
phonological errors, s e e Phonological deficit 
prosody deficits, s e e Prosody 
recovery, s e e Recovery, aphasia 
sign language aphasia, s e e American Sign 
Language 
single-word processing, s e e Single-word 
processing 
speech perception deficits, s e e Speech 
perception 
syntax disorders, s e e Syntactic processing 
type classification, 75, 169-170, 536 
Aphasia Diagnostic Profiles (ADP), aphasia type 
classification, 75 
Apraxia 
deaf signers, 328-329 
lesion analysis, 185 
Arcuate premotor area (APA), control, 168 
Arithmetic, s e e Number processing 
Articulatory rehearsal process, s e e Working 
memory 
Artificial intelligence (AI), computer therapy in 
aphasia, 594-595 
Artificial neural network, s e e Neural network 
modeling 
ASL, s e e American Sign Language 
Asperger's syndrome 
cognitive theories, 533 
diagnosis, 532-533 
Attention 
automatic processes, 275 
definitions, 281-282 
detecting function, 278-279 
disorders 
attention deficit disorders, s e e Attention 
deficit disorder 
attentional dyslexia, 284-285 
dementia of the Alzheimer's type, 285 
neglect dyslexia, 283-284 
eye movement in attention impairments, 279- 
28O 
factorial structure, 277-278 
focus-execute function, 278 
frontal lobe functions, 283 
movement without eye movement, 280-281 
neural-network models, 277 
orienting function, 278 
selective attention, 275 
testing 
COVAT paradigm, 276, 280 
dichotic listening task, 276-277 
functional brain imaging, 277 
Stroop task, 276 
Attention deficit disorder (ADD) 
classification, 286 
event-related potential studies, 286 
features, 285 
right hemisphere role, 286-287 
Attentional dyslexia, features, 284-285 
Auditive cortex, maturation, 22 
Auditory perception, s e e Dichotic listening task 
Auditory processes, dyslexia, 578-579 
Augustine, contributions to neurolinguistics, 603 
Autism, s e e a l s o Asperger's syndrome 
clinical spectrum, 527-528 
cognitive theories 
developmental effects of mentalizing deficits, 
530-532 
language relationship, 532 
overview, 528-529 
theory of mind hypothesis, 529-532 
diagnosis, 525, 527 
incidence, 526 
B 
Backprop algorithm, s e e Neural network modeling 
Basal ganglia, language role 
historical perspective, 431--433 
infarction and hemodynamics in aphasia, 433- 
435 
Parkinson's disease and syntax comprehension 
deficits, 435-436 
prosody role, 308 
Basins of attraction, modeling of deep dyslexia, 
237-238 
Bastian, Henry Charlton, contributions to 
neurolinguistics, 47-49 
BAT, s e e Bilingual Aphasia Test 
Bilingual Aphasia Test (BAT), development, 74 
Bilingualism, s e e Multilingualism 
Binomial test model, 64 
Blood-oxygenation level-dependent effect 
(BOLD), s e e Functional magnetic resonance 
imaging 
BNT, s e e Boston Naming Test 
BOAE, s e e Boston Diagnostic Aphasia 
Examination 
BOLD, s e e Blood-oxygenation level-dependent 
effect 
Boltzmann Machine algorithm, s e e Neural network 
modeling 
Bonnet, Charles, contributions to neurolinguistics, 
32-33 
Book listing, neurolinguistics, 644-652 
Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BOAE) 
aphasia type classification, 75 
Index 775 
features and applications, 78-79, 81 
software for scoring, 640 
Boston Naming Test (BNT) 
cultural bias, 74 
differential diagnosis, 74-75 
features and applications, 80-81 
Bouillaud, Jean Baptiste, contributions to 
neurolinguistics, 38-41 
Brain-behavior relationships 
evolution, 160-161 
limbic circuits, 166 
neuromodulation, 164, 171 
Brain-imaging, s e e Functional magnetic resonance 
imaging; Magnetoencephalography; Positron 
emission tomography 
Brain lesion, s e e Lesion analysis 
Brain-mapping, s e e Focal electrical stimulation; 
Functional magnetic resonance imaging; 
Lesion analysis; Magnetoencephalography; 
Neurolinguistic deficit space; Positron 
emission tomography 
Brain-stem, vertical organization of brain, 161 
BrainTrainMedia, 620 
Broca, Piere Paul, contributions to 
neurolinguistics, 41-43 
Broca's aphasia, age of onset, 23 
C 
CADL, s e e Communicative Abilities in Daily 
Living 
California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), 
Parkinson's disease testing, 478-479 
Case-deficit hypothesis, 252 
Central executive, s e e Working memory 
Centralist hypotheses, dyslexia, 580-583 
Centromedian nucleus (CM), language role, 438- 
440 
Cerebellum, evolution of language function, 169 
Cerebral cortex, vertical organization of brain, 161 
Cerebrum 
innate properties versus inventions of 
humankind, 19-21 
ontogenesis, 17-19 
Chance dissociations, 62 
Child Language Analysis (CLAN), s e e Child 
Language Data Exchange System 
Child Language Data Exchange System 
(CHILDES) 
applications, 601 
CHAT 
headers, 607 
overview, 601 
transcript format, 607-609 
CLAN 
discourse analysis, 613 
lexical analyses, 609, 611-612 
morphosyntactic analyses, 612-613 
overview of programs, 601, 610 
phonological analysis, 613-615 
crosslinguistic focus, 602 
data entry, 615-616 
database 
access formats, 606 
contents, 606-607 
overview, 601 
funding, 600 
history of development, 603-606 
membership and access, 606-607, 615 
modes of research, 601-602 
CHILDES, s e e Child Language Data Exchange 
System 
CJD, s e e Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 
CLAN, s e e Child Language Analysis 
CLAS, s e e Cross-Language Agrammatism Study 
Closed-class words, s e e Word-class 
CM, s e e Centromedian nucleus 
Coarticulation, deficits in aphasia, 211-212 
CogniSpeed, 620-821 
Cognitive neurolinguistics approach 
communication abnormalitiesin psychosis, 503- 
504 
language therapy, planning and evaluation, 70 
Cognitive Rehabilitation Software, 621 
COMLES-Familie Lernprogramme, 621-622 
Commissurotomy, s e e Right hemisphere 
disconnection syndrome 
Communication, s e e a l s o Discourse 
differentiating from language, 526, 533 
evolution, 160, 162-163, 168-169 
neuroanatomy, 161-162 
Communicative Abilities in Daily Living (CADL) 
aphasia severity assessment, 75, 77 
features and applications, 78 
Computed tomography (CT) 
lesion analysis, 175-178 
perisylvian regions, anatomical asymmetry 
morphology, 395-396 
sex differences, 396 
principle, 175 
reconstruction templates, 180 
regions of interest, 179-180 
Computers 
aphasia rehabilitation 
artificial intelligence programming, 594-595 
efficacy, 590-591 
limitations in therapy, 586-590 
776 Index 
Computers ( c o n t i n u e d ) 
microworld therapy, 595 
modeling of aphasia, 586 
patient factors, 589 
properties of treatment 
conventional, 587-588 
discrete, 587 
finite, 588 
isolated, 588 
reading comprehension therapy, 591-592 
self-help groups, 593-594 
task structure 
drill and practice, 589 
simulation, 590 
stimulation, 589 
tutorial, 590 
verbal output therapy, 592-593 
writing therapy, 592 
software for assessment and rehabilitation 
internet resources, 618-620 
listing of programs and providers, 620-640 
terminology, 605 
transcript analysis, s e e Child Language Data 
Exchange System 
Conceptual representations, multilinguals, 426-427 
Concreteness effect 
aphasic patients, 239 
mechanisms, 239-240 
Conduction aphasia, features, 169-170 
Connectionist model, s e e Neural network 
modeling 
Conversation, s e e Discourse 
Conversational analysis, traumatic brain injury, 
490-491 
Cool Spring Software, The Naming Test, 622 
COPIA, 623 
COPROE 623 
Corpus callosum 
anatomy of connections, 398, 410 
developmental asymmetry, 402-403 
fiber types and regional differentiation, 399-400 
individual variability, 400 
phylogeny of asymmetry, 403-404 
sex differences, 400 
split-brain patient evaluation, 411-4 13 
structure relationship to brain asymmetry, 401- 
402 
Cortex, s e e Cerebral cortex 
Corticosteroid therapy, Landau-Kleffner 
syndrome, 510 
COVAT paradigm, attention testing, 276, 280 
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) 
clinical characteristics and etiology, 458-459 
cognitive changes, 459 
speech and language changes, 459 
Criterion-referenced measurement 
content validity, 63 
content valid parallel tests, 64 
degree f competence, 64 
mastery, 64 
representative samples, 63-64 
stratification of domains, 63 
Cross-Language Agrammatism Study (CLAS), 
223-224 
CT, s e e Computed tomography 
Cuban Americans, FAS Controlled Association 
Test performance, 74 
CURE-Software, 623 
CVLT, s e e California Verbal Learning Test 
D 
Darwin, Charles, contributions to neurolinguistics, 
603-604 
DAT, s e e Dementia of the Alzheimer type 
Deaf, event-related potential studies of language 
processing, 119-120 
Deep alexia, recovery patterns, 567 
Deep dysgraphia 
characteristics, 564-565 
treatment studies, 568-569 
Deep dyslexia 
connectionist model, 237-238, 353 
features, 237 
functional impairment types, 563 
history of research, 14-15 
phonological dyslexia comparison, 562-563, 
565-566 
recovery patterns, 566-567 
right hemisphere disconnection syndrome, 381- 
383 
treatment studies, 568 
Deficit space, s e e Neurolinguistic deficit space 
Dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) 
attention disorder, 285 
auditory skills, 465 
central executive role in language processing, 
295-296 
consistency in item performance, 244 
discourse impairments, 272-273, 467-469 
evolution of linguistic changes, 469-470 
influence on language impairment 
memory problems, 471-472 
visuoperceptual problems, 471 
lateralization of brain function, 364 
naming task performance, 466 
neuropathology, 472-473 
Index 777 
phonological and syntactic abilities, 466 
prevalence, 463-464 
reading skills, 465 
semantic abilities, 466-467 
semantic priming effects, 245-247 
specificity of linguistic changes, 470-471 
speech patterns, 310 
subtyping by language impairment, 472 
testing of linguistic changes, 464 
verbal fluency task performance, 467 
writing skills, 469 
Dementia, s e e s p e c i f i c d e m e n t i a s 
Depression 
effect on aphasia recovery, 539 
speech patterns in patients, 309-310 
Diachrony, oral versus written language, 21-23 
Diagram-makers, history and validity, 43-45, 47, 
58 
Diaschisis, regression, 542-543 
Dichotic listening task 
attention testing, 276-277 
lateralization studies in infants, 360-362, 366 
Disconnection syndrome, s e e Right hemisphere 
disconnection syndrome 
Discourse 
American Sign Language 
features, 316 
impairment in right-hemisphere-damaged 
signers, 326 
analysis in traumatic brain injury 
efficiency, 487 
global coherence, 488-489 
local coherence, 487-488 
conversational discourse 
aspects, 265-266 
definition, 265 
elements, 266-267 
impairments 
aphasia, 268-269 
classification, 267-268 
dementia of the Alzheimer type, 272-273, 
467-469 
right-hemisphere-damaged patients 
individual differences, 271,274 
inferential deficit, 272 
nonliteral language, 271 
surface linguistic impairment, 270-271 
narrative discourse 
cognitive processing, 263-265 
conceptual level, 265 
definition, 262 
short-term memory role, 263-264 
structure versus content, 263 
transcript analysis, 613 
Discourse Comprehension Test, features, 77 
Dissociations 
classical dissociation, 65 
double dissociation, 65-66, 69 
statistical demonstration in single-case studies, 
68-69 
strong dissociation, 65 
trend dissociation, 65 
Distance effect, number comparison, 332-333 
Down's syndrome (DS) 
language deficits 
comprehension, 517 
delays in development and causes, 516-517 
evaluation, 517 
neuroanatomical features, 516 
DS, s e e Down's syndrome 
Dual-route model, s e e Right hemisphere 
disconnection syndrome 
Dysgraphia, s e e Deep dysgraphia; Surface 
dysgraphia 
Dyslexia, s e e a l s o Attentional dyslexia; Deep 
dyslexia; Neglect dyslexia; Phonological 
dyslexia; Surface dyslexia 
acquired versus developmental dyslexias, 573 
causal architecture, 574-575 
centralist hypotheses, 580-583 
cognitive modeling, 574-575 
orthographic development, 583 
peripheralist hypotheses 
auditory processes, 578-579 
low-level visual processes, 576-577 
phonological processes, 579-580 
visual orthographic processes, 577-578 
Dyslexia Screening Instrument, 623 
E 
Echo-planar imaging (EPI), s e e Functional 
magnetic resonance imaging 
EEG, s e e Electroencephalogram 
Electroencephalogram (EEG), s e e a l s o Event- 
related potentials 
intracarotid sodium amytal test, 193, 196, 198 
Landau-Kleffner syndrome findings, 508-509 
E-mail, s e e Internet 
EMFs, s e e Evoked magnetic fields 
Emotion 
affect, 302 
cortical-subcortical circuit, 166 
expression in language, 304-305, 311 
hemispheric specialization, 306-309 
James-Lange theory, 303 
language relationships, 301-304 
778 Index 
Emotion ( c o n t i n u e d ) 
mood, 302 
prosody, 305, 307-308 
speech patterns in depression, 309-310 
thought relationships, 303-304 
EPI, s e e Echo-planar imaging 
Epilepsy, s e e Landau-Kleffner syndrome 
ERPs, s e e Event-related potentials 
Event-related potentials (ERPs) 
advantages and limitations in neurolinguistic 
research, 98-99 
attention studies, 286 
brain function localization studies, overview, 
100 
developmental studies in infants and children, 
120-121 
electrode placement, 97, 100, 108 
history in language research, 95-96 
Landau-Kleffner syndrome, 512-513 
language processing studies, overview, 99-100 
lateralization in infants, 359, 365-366 
left anterior negativity effects, 119 
linguistic versus cognitive phenomena, 123 
MisMatch Negativity, 107 
motor suppression in data acquisition, 98-99 
noun/verb dissociation, 101-102, 108 
origin of electroencephalogram, 96 
phonological processingstudies, 106-107 
Principal Components Analysis-Analysis of 
Variance, 99, 122-123 
reading 
hemispheric processes in reading and 
dyslexia, 121-122 
phonological versus semantic access, 121 
second language studies, 119-120 
semantic processing analysis 
N400 sensitivity, 112, 114, 116-117, 119 
wave components, 115-116 
signal averaging, 96 
syntactic processing analysis 
P600 sensitivity, 114-116 
wave components, 115-116 
waveform, 96-97 
word-class studies, 102-103, 105-106, 108 
word concreteness studies, 102 
Evoked magnetic fields (EMFs), s e e 
Magnetoencephalography 
Evoked potential, word retrieval task studies, 10 
EXDEN, 624 
Exler, 624 
Eye tracking 
attention studies, 279-280 
language processing information, 91 
F 
FAS Controlled Association Test 
features and applications, 81 
performance of Cuban Americans, 74 
fESB, s e e Focal electrical stimulation 
Flectional, features of language, 23 
Flow-chart diagrams 
fMRI, s e e Functional magnetic resonance imaging 
Focal electrical stimulation (fESB) 
brain surgery applications, 125 
comparison with other mapping techniques, 128 
history of development, 127-128 
individual variation, 129 
language processing components, 129-130 
linguistic phenomena association, 130 
psychic phenomena association, 130 
techniques 
advantages and disadvantages, 126-127 
types, 126 
Fonex, 624 
Foreign accent syndrome (FAS), prosody 
disturbances, 216 
Frontal lobes 
attention functions, 283 
history of study, 39, 41 
language role, 438 
word retrieval, 8-9 
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) 
clinical characteristics and etiology, 451 
cognitive changes, 451-452 
speech and language changes, 452-453 
FTD, s e e Frontotemporal dementia 
Functional information processing 
brain imaging studies, 241 
impairments, 240-241 
implications for lexical semantics, 241-242 
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 
blood-oxygenation level-dependent effect, 134 
correlational approach to brain activation, 139- 
140 
damaged brain studies 
activating damaged brains, 141-142 
resting state studies, 140-141 
echo-planar imaging, 134-135 
resolution, 134-135 
sensitivity, 134 
G 
Gall, Franz Joseph, contributions to 
neurolinguistics, 32-33, 38-40 
GB theory, s e e Government and Binding theory 
Genetic potential of replacement, stroke recovery, 
24 
Index 779 
Glossome Database, conception, 615-616 
Government and Binding (GB) theory, 116-117, 
250, 252 
Grammar, multilinguals, 428 
Group-study approach, 58-59, 61 
GrundSchulSoftware Jansen, 625 
GUS-Multimedia Speech System, 625-626 
H 
Handedness 
effect on aphasia recovery, 538 
hemispheric specialization of language, 
200-201 
Hartley, David, contributions to neurolinguistics, 
32 
HD, s e e Huntington's disease 
Head, Henry, contributions to neurolinguistics, 49, 
51-53 
Head turning, lateralization studies in infants, 
359-360 
Hemispheric specialization 
aging effects 
aphasia types with age, 364-365 
behavioral changes, 363-364 
confounding factors in study, 367-368 
dementia of the Alzheimer's type, 364 
differential decline in cognition, 366 
physiological changes, 363 
bilinguals, 202-203, 421-422 
consonant-vowel-consonant identification 
testing, 412-413 
corpus callosum 
anatomy of connections, 398, 410 
developmental asymmetry, 402-403 
fiber types and regional differentiation, 399- 
400 
individual variability, 400 
phylogeny of asymmetry, 403-404 
sex differences, 400 
structure relationship to brain asymmetry, 
401-402 
corticolimbic evolution, 165 
deaf signers, 202-203, 317-320, 323-329 
emotion, 306-309 
epileptics, 201 
evaluation, s e e Intracarotid sodium amytal test 
handedness studies, 200-201,386 
holistic semantic representation, 164 
individual variation, 163-164 
interhemispheric communication 
complementation of hemispheric superiority, 
408-410 
explicit transfer, 377-378 
implicit transfer and lexical priming, 378-379 
mechanisms, 410--413 
language and left hemisphere domination, 164- 
165, 171, 386-387, 406-407 
lateralization in development 
auditory perception studies, 360-362, 366 
childhood laterality, 361-362 
confounding factors in study, 367-368 
electrophysiological asymmetries, 359, 365- 
366 
head turning and postural asymmetry in 
infants, 359-360 
hemispherectomy studies in children, 362 
maturational gradients, 358-359 
morphological asymmetry in immature brain, 
358 
motor activities in infancy, 360 
overview, 357-358 
memory systems, 171 
motivational basis, 163, 172 
neuromodulation, 164, 171 
number processing, 340-341 
perisylvian regions, anatomical asymmetry 
imaging and functional laterality correlation, 
395-396 
individual variability, 396-398 
planum temporale morphology, 397-398 
sex differences, 396 
Sylvian fissure morphology, 393-394, 396- 
398 
prosody, 213-216, 307-308 
reading comprehension in dyslexia, 121-122 
recovery of language and right hemisphere role, 
385-392 
sign language studies, 202-203 
speech perception, 217-218 
Herpes encephalitis, category retrieval deficits in 
patients, 16 
Hippocampus, role in memory, 167 
Hood, Alexander, contributions to neurolinguistics, 
34-38, 43 
Huntington's disease (HD) 
clinical characteristics and etiology, 453 
cognitive changes, 453 
confrontation naming and repitition, 455 
gaps in literature studies, 456 
reading and writing performance, 455-456 
speech comprehension, 455 
verbal communication, 454-455 
I 
Inferior thalamic peduncle (ITP), language role, 
438-439 
780 Index 
Information-processing approach 
overview, 59-60 
tests, 76 
INTACT, 626 
Interaction activation model, s e e Neural network 
modeling 
Interference, mapping of neurolinguistic deficit 
space, 90 
Internet 
introduction, 655-656 
libraries and bookstores, 656-658 
Listserv 
listing of neurolinguistics resources, 662-664 
overview, 660-661 
posting, 661 
searching for mailing addresses, 661 
subscribing, 661 
unsubscribing, 661 
newsgroups, 660 
publishers and journals, 658-660 
search engines, 656 
software resources, 618-620 
Uniform Resource Locators for neurolinguistics, 
655, 664-667 
World Wide Web, 655 
Intracarotid sodium amytal test (ISA) 
anesthesia adequacy, determination, 196 
development, 189-190 
drug administration, 195-199 
electroencephalography, 193, 196, 198 
epileptics, 201 
hemispheric language dominance 
bilinguals, 202-203 
criteria for establishment, 197 
handedness studies, 200-201 
sign language studies, 202-203 
imaging, 191, 193, 198 
memory and language tasks, 193-194 
patient selection, 195 
principle, 191-192 
protocols, 192-193, 203 
timing of stimulus presentation, 196-197 
ISA, s e e Intracarotid sodium amytal test 
Isolated tongues, features of language, 22-23 
Item difficulty, 66 
ITE s e e Inferior thalamic peduncle 
ITS-Integriertes Therapie System, 626-627 
J 
Jackson, John Hughlings, contributions to 
neurolinguistics, 49-50 
Journals, neurolinguistics 
internet resources, 658-660 
listing, 642-644 
L 
Lallemand, Claude-Francois, contributions to 
neurolinguistics, 40-41 
LAN, s e e Left anterior negativity 
Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) 
clinical features, 508-510 
corticosteroid therapy, 510 
discovery, 507-508 
electroencephalography, 508-509 
linguistic impairment 
behavioral data, 513-514 
event-related potentials in analysis, 512-513 
testing, 511-512 
prognosis, 510-511, 514 
Language, hierarchical definition, 84-86 
Lateralization, s e e Hemispheric specialization 
Laureate Learning Systems, 627 
Left anterior negativity (LAN), processing of 
fillers in working memory, 119 
Left hemisphere dominance, s e e Hemispheric 
specialization 
Left-to-right transfer hypothesis 
clinical implications, 391-392 
evidence, 387 
language compensation degree, 390 
mechanism of transfer, 390-391 
LeMo, 627 
LernReha Programme, 629 
Lernsoftware, 629 
Lesion analysis 
anomia, 132 
aphasia, 131-132, 169-170, 182-183 
history, 173 
imaging 
computed tomography versus magnetic 
resonance imaging,174 
reconstruction templates, 180 
regions of interest, 179-180 
time post-onset to scan, 178 
noun naming deficit, 3-4, 8-10 
recovery, 185-187 
review articles, 181-182 
semantic deficits, 183-184 
size versus site in recovery, 186 
speech production, 185 
syntactic processing deficits, 184 
time post-onset to language testing, 178-179 
treatment response evaluation, 186 
verb naming deficit, 3-4, 8-10 
LETRAS, 623 
Lexical access 
agrammatism, 228, 230, 233-234 
impairment, distinguishing from loss of 
semantic knowledge 
Index 7 81 
consistency in performance, 244, 247 
semantic priming, 244-247 
phonology role, 217 
Lexical Access Model, 630-631 
Lexical cohesion, deficits in psychosis, 500-501 
Lexical defect hypothesis, 6-8 
Lexical meaning 
nondecompositional model, 244-245 
perceptual versus functional information 
processing, 241-242 
three-dimensional model, 242, 238 
Lexical priming, s e e Priming 
Lexical representations, multilinguals, 426-427 
Lexical semantics 
definition, 101 
event-related potential studies, 101-103, 105- 
109 
noun/verb dissociation, 101-102 
LE 630 
LFPREE 630 
LFPRON, 630 
Lies mit, 631 
Limbic brain 
circuits, 166 
corticolimbic evolution and asymmetry, 165 
functions and ontogenesis, 18-19 
vertical organization of brain, 161-162 
Lingraphica System, 631-632 
LingWare Therapiesysteme, 632 
Listserv, s e e Internet 
LKS, s e e Landau-Kleffner syndrome 
Lt~becker Lernprogramme, 632 
M 
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), s e e a l s o 
Functional magnetic resonance imaging 
corpus callosum asymmetry, 401 
lesion analysis, 175-178 
perisylvian regions, anatomical asymmetry 
morphology, 395-396 
sex differences, 396 
principle, 175-176 
reconstruction templates, 180 
regions of interest, 179-180 
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) 
comparison to other imaging techniques, 148, 
156 
evoked magnetic fields 
correlation with event-related potentials, 147- 
148 
N400m localization, 151-152 
picture-naming tasks, 154, 156 
semantic categorization tasks, 154, 156 
sound discrimination studies, 149-151, 156 
instrumentation, 145-147 
inverse problem solution, 147, 149, 152 
origin of signal, 144-145 
resolution and sensitivity, 148, 157 
signal averaging, 145-146 
source localization, 147-148 
Mania 
cognitive explainations of communication 
abnormalities, 501-503 
cognitive/neurolinguistics approach for 
communication abnormalities, 503-504 
speech 
comparison to aphasia, 498 
complexity-related deficits, 499-500 
lexical cohesion deficits, 500-501 
unclear reference, 500-501 
thought disorder, Bleularian view, 496-497 
Mapping, s e e Focal electrical stimulation; 
Functional magnetic resonance imaging; 
Lesion analysis; Magnetoencephalography; 
Neurolinguistic deficit space; Positron 
emission tomography 
Marie, Pierre, contributions to neurolinguistics, 
44 
Markedness theory, 209 
Matery testing, s e e Criterion-referenced 
measurement 
McCloskey's model, s e e Number processing 
Medieval Cell Doctrine, 28 
MEG, s e e Magnetoencephalography 
Memory, s e e a l s o Working memory 
hemispheric specialization of memory systems, 
171 
hippocampal memory system, 167 
organization of verbal information in 
Parkinson's disease, 478-479 
senescence, memory types affected, 22 
ventrolateral circuit, 167 
Mental lexicon, definition, 235-236 
Meynert, Theodor, contributions to 
neurolinguistics, 45-47 
MicroCog, 632 
Microworlds, computer therapy in aphasia, 595 
Minnesota Test for Differential Diagnosis of 
Aphasia (MTDDA), features and applications, 
79-80 
MisMatch Negativity (MMN), definition, 107 
MMN, s e e MisMatch Negativity 
Model-building, neurolinguistics, 92-93 
Morphology 
aphasia, 221-222 
sentence processing, 222-228 
single-word processing, 229-233 
transcript analysis, 612-613 
782 Index 
Motility, role in brain evolution, 160-161, 168- 
169 
MRI, s e e Magnetic resonance imaging 
MTDDA, s e e Minnesota Test for Differential 
Diagnosis of Aphasia 
Multilingual Aphasia Examination, features and 
applications, 80 
Multilingualism 
aphasia recovery patterns, 417-420 
distinctions to be made in studies 
grammar and pragmatics, 428 
lexical and conceptual representations, 426- 
427 
linguistic and neurolinguistic levels of 
description, 425-426 
linguistic competence and metalinguistic 
knowledge, 428-429 
hemisphere dominance of language, 202-203, 
421-422 
language processing and representation 
compared to unilinguals, 422-424 
Myelinogenetic fields of Flechsig, maturation, 
19 
N 
N400, s e e Event-related potentials 
N400m, s e e Magnetoencephalography 
Naming task, s e e a l s o Noun naming deficits; 
Picture-naming; Verb naming deficits 
agrammatism, verb naming deficits, 5 
anomia, noun naming deficits, 5 
dementia of the Alzheimer type, 466 
lesion analysis of deficits, 3-4, 8-10, 440-441 
Parkinson's disease, 477-478 
Narrative discourse, s e e Discourse 
Natural errors, language processing information, 
91 
NCCEA, s e e Neurosensory Center Comprehensive 
Examination for Aphasia 
Neglect dyslexia 
features, 283-284 
thalamic lesion association, 441-442 
Neural network modeling 
attention, 277 
backprop algorithm, 351 
Boltzmann Machine algorithm, 351 
components of system, 345 
computing elements, 345-346 
deep dyslexia, 353 
deficiencies of connectionist models, 355 
feedforward architecture, 347, 351-352 
hard-wired networks 
deep dysphasia, 350-351 
interaction activation model, 349 
structured connectionist model, 349-350 
language therapy, planning and evaluation, 70 
overview, 343-344 
recurrent architecture, 347, 352-353 
simple recurrent network, 353 
supervised learning networks, 347, 351-353 
unsupervised learning networks, 347, 354 
Neurochemistry, cognitive processing limitations, 
552-553 
Neuroimaging, s e e Computed tomography; 
Functional magnetic resonance imaging; 
Magnetic resonance imaging; 
Magnetoencephalography; Positron emission 
tomography 
Neurolinguistic deficit space 
direct measures in mapping, 87-88 
discrimination measures, 89-90 
interference in mapping, 90 
priming in mapping, 90 
reaction time measures, 88-89 
Neuroplasticity 
aphasia recovery 
limitations in recovery, 551 
role, 550 
learning role, 550-551 
Neurop-Neuropsychologische Batterie, 632 
Neurosensory Center Comprehensive Examination 
for Aphasia (NCCEA), features and 
applications, 81 
Newsgroups, neurolinguistics, 660 
Nonsemantic reading, characteristics, 563 
Noun naming deficits 
anomic patients, 5 
brain lesions, 3-4, 8-10 
history of research, 4-6 
lexical defect hypothesis, 6-8 
noun/verb dissociation, event-related potential 
studies, 101-102, 108 
semantic defect hypothesis, 6-8 
NR, s e e Nucleus reticularis 
Nucleus reticularis (NR), language role, 
438-439 
Number processing 
algebraic knowledge, 341 
hemispheric specialization, 340-341 
McCloskey's model 
features, 333-335 
problematic cases, 335-337 
notation of numbers, 331-332 
quantity representation and distance effect in 
number comparison, 332-333 
triple-code model, 337-340 
Index 783 
O 
Open-class words, s e e Word-class 
Optic aphasia, right hemisphere disconnection 
syndrome, 380-381 
Orthographic development, dyslexia, 583 
P 
P600, s e e Event-related potentials 
Paced Auditory Serial Attention Test, 633 
PAL, s e e Psycholinguistic Assessment of 
Language 
Parallel distributed processing, 438 
Parkinson's disease (PD) 
clinical features, 475-476 
cognitive deficits, 476, 482 
memory, organization of verbal information, 
478-479 
syntax comprehension deficits, 435-436, 480- 
482 
treatment side effects and linguistic function, 
482-483 
verbal fluency and naming deficits, 477-478 
Parrot Software, communication disorders, 633 
PCA-ANOVA, s e e Principal Components 
Analysis-Analysis of Variance 
PD, s e e Parkinson's disease 
Perceptual information processing 
brain imaging studies, 241 
impairments, 240-241 
implications for lexical semantics, 241-242 
Perisylvianregions, anatomical asymmetry 
imaging and functional laterality correlation, 
395-396 
individual variability, 396-398 
planum temporale morphology, 397-398 
sex differences, 396 
Sylvian fissure morphology, 393-394, 
396-398 
Persistent Hyperinsulineric Hypoglycemia of 
Infancy (PHHI) 
clinical features, 521 
language features, 521-522 
PET, s e e Positron emission tomography 
PH, s e e Psychological hypotheses 
PHHI, s e e Persistent Hyperinsulineric 
Hypoglycemia of Infancy 
Phonetic deficit 
segmental coarticulation, 211-212 
speaking rate performance in aphasia, 212 
subtle phonetic deficit in posterior aphasics, 
212-213 
types in aphasia, 210-211 
PHONO, 637 
Phonological agraphia, characteristics, 564 
Phonological deficit 
markedness theory, 209 
sonority sequencing principles, 210 
syllable structure, 209-210 
types in aphasia, 208-209 
underspecification theory, 209 
Phonological dyslexia 
centralist hypotheses, 581-582 
characteristics, 562 
phonological processes, 579-580 
recovery patterns, 566-567 
treatment studies, 568 
Phonological loop, s e e Working memory 
Phonological store, s e e Working memory 
Phonology, transcript analysis, 613-615 
Phrenology, contributions to neurolinguistics, 
34-38 
PICA, s e e Porch Index of Communicative Ability 
Pick, Arnold, contributions to neurolinguistics, 
49-51 
Pick's disease, s e e Frontotemporal dementia 
Picture-naming, magnetoencephalography studies, 
154, 156 
Pitres, contributions to neurolinguistics, 4-5, 8 
Place of articulation (POA), brain localization of 
discriminations, 107 
Planum temporale, morphology, 397-398 
POA, s e e Place of articulation 
Porch Index of Communicative Ability (PICA), 
features and applications, 77-78 
Porencephaly 
clinical features, 523 
language features, 523 
Positron emission tomography (PET) 
aphasia recovery studies, 542-545 
regional cerebral blood flow studies, s e e 
Regional cerebral blood flow 
resolution, 133 
sensitivity, 133 
tracer isotopes, 132 
PPA, s e e Primary progressive aphasia 
Pragmatics 
analysis in traumatic brain injury 
comprehension, 490 
overview, 489-490 
production, 490 
hemispheric specialization, 309 
multilinguals, 428 
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) 
clinical characteristics and etiology, 238, 459- 
460 
speech and language changes, 460 
784 Index 
Priming 
implicit hemispheric transfer and lexical 
priming, 378-379 
mapping of neurolinguistic deficit space, 90 
phonological priming and event-related 
potentials, 106-107 
semantic priming in distinguishing impairment 
from loss of semantic knowledge, 
244-247 
Principal Components Analysis-Analysis of 
Variance (PCA-ANOVA), event-related 
potential analysis, 99, 122-123 
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) 
clinical characteristics and etiology, 456-457 
cognitive changes, 457 
confrontation naming and repitition, 458 
gaps in literature studies, 458 
reading and writing performance, 458 
speech comprehension, 458 
verbal communication, 457 
Prosody 
basal ganglia role, 308 
deficits in aphasia, 213 
disturbance in foreign accent syndrome, 216 
emotional expression by language, 305, 307 
hemispheric specialization, 213-216, 307- 
308 
intonation in aphasic patients, 215-216 
perception, s e e Speech perception 
right hemisphere role, 407 
stress deficit studies, 213-214 
tonal coarticulation, 215 
tonal paraphasias, 214-215 
PSR s e e Progressive supranuclear palsy 
PsychLab, 637-638 
Psycholinguistic Assessment of Language (PAL), 
information-processing approach, 76 
Psychological hypotheses (PH), development, 
61-62 
Psychosis, see a l s o Mania; Schizophrenia 
cognitive explainations of communication 
abnormalities, 501-503 
cognitive/neurolinguistics approach for 
communication abnormalities, 503-504 
neuropathology of linguistic deficits, 505-506 
speech 
comparison to aphasia, 498 
complexity-related deficits, 499-500 
lexical cohesion deficits, 500-501 
unclear reference, 500-501 
thought disorder, Bleularian view, 496-497 
Pure alexia 
features, 560-561 
right hemisphere disconnection syndrome, 379- 
380 
treatment studies, 569 
Q 
Quantity representation, distance effect in number 
comparison, 332-333 
R 
Random assignment, 66-67 
Randomization tests 
single-subject studies, 67-68 
software, 68 
Random sampling, 66-67 
rCBE see Regional cerebral blood flow 
Reaction time measures, mapping of 
neurolinguistic deficit space, 88-89 
Reading comprehension 
computer therapy in aphasia, 591-592 
dementia of the Alzheimer type, 465 
disorders, see spec i f i c d i s o r d e r s 
event-related potential studies, 122 
hemispheric processes in reading and dyslexia, 
121-122 
pathways to reading, 560 
phonological versus semantic access, 121 
Recovery, aphasia 
beneficial versus detrimental changes in brain, 
554-555 
bilateral lesion effects, 387-389 
cognitive neuropsychological approach to 
rehabilitation, 548-549 
computers in aphasia rehabilitation 
artificial intelligence programming, 594-595 
efficacy, 590-591 
limitations in therapy, 586-590 
microworld therapy, 595 
modeling of aphasia, 586 
patient factors, 589 
properties of treatment 
conventional, 587-588 
discrete, 587 
finite, 588 
isolated, 588 
reading comprehension therapy, 591-592 
self-help groups, 593-594 
task structure 
drill and practice, 589 
simulation, 590 
stimulation, 589 
tutorial, 590 
verbal output therapy, 592-593 
writing therapy, 592 
Index 785 
epidemiological approaches in study, 536 
genetic potential of replacement, 24 
language lateralization, 386-387, 389-390 
left-to-right transfer hypothesis 
clinical implications, 391-392 
evidence, 387 
language compensation degree, 390 
mechanism of transfer, 390-391 
lesion analysis, 185-187 
mechanisms of recovery 
functional takeover, 542-544 
overview, 541 
regression of diaschisis, 542-543 
multilinguals, patterns of recovery, 417-420 
neurochemical thresholds and cognitive 
processing limitations, 552-553 
neuroplasticity 
learning role, 550-551 
limitations in recovery, 551 
recovery role, 550 
positron emission tomography studies, 542- 
545 
prognostic factors in spontaneous recovery 
age, 537 
aphasia severity, 540-541 
depression, 539 
education, 538 
gender, 537 
handedness, 538 
hemispheric asymmetries, 538-539 
lesion factors 
etiology, 539 
site, 539-540 
size, 539 
linguistic background, 538 
time post-onset, 541 
restoration and substitution of function, 549- 
550 
spontaneous recovery versus rehabilitation, 
553 
syntax relearning, 555-556 
time course, 554 
Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) 
activation tasks, 133-136 
damaged brain studies 
activating damaged brains, 141-142 
resting state studies, 140-141 
data acquisition, s e e Positron emission 
tomography 
principle of neural activity quantification, 132- 
133 
subtraction method limitations, 136, 138 
word retrieval task studies, 10 
RehaCom, 638 
Resources, neurolinguistics 
book listing, 644-652 
history of nerolinguistics, 53-54 
internet, s e e Internet 
journal 
internet resources, 658-660 
listing, 642-644 
software 
internet resources, 618-620 
listing, 620-640 
sourcebooks, 652-653 
Revised Token Test (RTT), features and 
applications, 81 
RHD, s e e Right-hemisphere-damaged 
Rhinic brain, functions and ontogenesis, 18-19 
Right-hemisphere-damaged (RHD) 
attention deficits, 286-287 
discourse impairments 
individual differences, 271,274 
inferential deficit, 272 
nonliteral language, 271 
surface linguistic impairment, 270-271 
prosody role, 407 
Right hemisphere disconnection syndrome 
case studies of speech, 374-376, 383 
deep dyslexia, 381-383 
dynamic language competence in partial 
disconnection, 376 
features of commissurotomy patients, 370-371 
interhemispheric relations 
explicit transfer, 377-378 
implicit transfer and lexicality priming, 378- 
379 
optic aphasia, 380-381 
pure alexia, 379-380 
word recognition and dual-route analysis, 371- 
372, 374 
Rommel, Peter, contributionsto neurolinguistics, 
31 
RTT, s e e Revised Token Test 
S 
Schenck, Johannes, contributions to 
neurolinguistics, 29 
Schizophrenia 
attention movement without eye movement, 
280-281 
cognitive explainations of communication 
abnormalities, 501-503 
cognitive/neurolinguistics approach for 
communication abnormalities, 503-504 
neuropathology of linguistic deficits, 505-506 
786 Index 
Schizophrenia ( c o n t i n u e d ) 
speech 
compaCson to aphasia, 498 
complexity-related deficits, 499-500 
lexical cohesion deficits, 500-501 
unclear reference, 500-501 
thought disorder, Bleularian view, 496-497 
Schmidt, Johann, contributions to neurolinguistics, 
31 
Search engine, s e e Internet 
Second language, event-related potential studies, 
119-120 
Selective attention, s e e Attention 
Semantic defect hypothesis, 6-8 
Semantic dementia, features, 238-239 
Semantic paraphasia, features, 236-237 
Semantic priming, s e e Priming 
Semantic processing 
dementia of the Alzheimer type, 466 
event-related potential studies, 112, 114-117, 
119-120 
lesion analysis of deficits, 183-184 
magnetoencephalography studies, 154, 156 
multiple modality-specific systems, 242-243 
Senescence 
central executive role in language processing, 
297 
effects on brain lateralization 
aphasia types with age, 364-365 
behavioral changes, 363-364 
confounding factors in study, 367-368 
dementia of the Alzheimer's type, 364 
differential decline in cognition, 366 
physiological changes, 363 
memory types affected, 22 
Sentence comprehension 
linguistic-descriptive approach 
case-deficit hypothesis, 252 
trace-deletion hypothesis, 250-252 
processing approach 
capacity limitation, general versus specific, 
254-255 
mapping deficit versus limited capacity, 252- 
254 
working memory role 
phonological short-term memory in first-pass 
language processing, 291-292 
phonological short-term memory in second- 
pass language processing, 292-293 
semantic short-term memory, 293-295 
syntactic short-term memory, 293-295 
Sentence processing 
agrammatism, 222-223, 230-231,250-260 
Cross-Language Agrammatism Study, 223-224 
lexical representation and access, 228 
parametric variation of languages, 224-228 
Sentence production, s e e Agrammatism 
Short-term memory (STM), s e e Working memory 
Sign language, s e e American Sign Language 
Simple recurrent network, s e e Neural network 
modeling 
Single-case-only approach, 60 
Single-case studies 
overview, 60 
randomization tests, 67-68 
random sampling versus random assignment, 
66-67 
statistical demonstration of dissociations, 68-69 
Single-word processing, aphasia 
comprehension of speech, 229-230 
limited processing resources, 232 
production of speech, 229-231 
writing, 232 
SMA, s e e Supplementary motor area 
Sodium amytal test, s e e Intracarotid sodium 
amytal test 
Software, s e e Computers; s p e c i f i c p r o g r a m s 
Sonority, sequencing principles, 210 
Sourcebook listing, neurolinguistics, 652-653 
Speaking rate, performance in aphasia, 212 
Speech perception 
deficits in aphasia, 216-217 
hemispheric specialization, 217-218 
intonation, 217 
phonology role in lexical access, 217 
stress studies, 217 
tone, 218 
Speech production 
computer therapy in aphasia, 592-593 
working memory role, 298 
Spelling 
disorders, 564-565 
fingerspelling in sign language, 316-317 
pathways, 563-564 
Split-brain, s e e Corpus callosum 
SprechSpiegel, 626 
Steno, Nicolaus, contributions to neurolinguistics, 
31-32 
STM, s e e Short-term memory 
Stress, prosody deficit studies 
perception of speech, 217 
production of speech, 213-214 
Stroop task, attention testing, 276 
Sturge-Weber syndrome 
clinical features, 522 
language features, 522 
Index 787 
Supervised learning networks, s e e Neural network 
modeling 
Supplementary motor area (SMA) 
control, 168 
speech function, 170 
Supralimbic brain, functions and ontogenesis, 18- 
19 
Surface dysgraphia 
characteristics, 564 
treatment studies, 569-571 
Surface dyslexia 
centralist hypotheses, 581-582 
characteristics, 561-562 
history of research, 14 
treatment studies, 569-571 
Suvalino, 638 
Sylvian fissure, morphology and variability, 393- 
394, 396-398 
Syntactic processing 
dementia of the Alzheimer type, 466 
disorders in aphasia 
agrammaqtic production, 256-260 
sentence comprehension, 250-255 
sentence production, 255-256 
event-related potential studies, 112, 114-117, 
119-120 
Government and Binding theory, 116-117 
lesion analysis of deficits, 184 
Parkinson's disease, comprehension deficits, 
435-436 
relearning in aphasia recovery, 555-556 
Syntax, transcript analysis, 612-613 
T 
TBI, s e e Traumatic brain injury 
TDH, s e e Trace-deletion hypothesis 
Temporal lobe 
role in aphasia recovery, 185-186 
word retrieval, 8-9 
Temporal planum, ontogenesis, 18 
Testing, language comprehension and production, 
s e e a l s o s p e c i f i c t e s t s 
comprehensive tests, 77-80 - 
rationales 
academic-experimental rationale, 72-73 
aphasia 
severity, 75-76 
type determination, 75 
communication ability of patients, 77 
differential diagnosis, 74-75 
information-processing approach, 76 
normalcy determination, 73-74 
specific tests, 80-81 
standardization difficulties, 71-72 
types of tests, 77, 82 
word-fluency tests, 81 
Text & Co., 638-639 
Thalamus, language role 
category-specific naming deficits after lesion, 
440-441 
functional neuroimaging, 444 
historical perspective, 436-437 
neglect dyslexia after lesion, 441-442 
selective engagement of cortical mechanisms, 
437-440, 443 
Theory of mind hypothesis, s e e Autism 
Tone, s e e Prosody 
Trace-deletion hypothesis (TDH), 250-252 
Transcript analysis, s e e Child Language Data 
Exchange System 
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) 
aphasic disturbances, overview, 485-486 
conversational analysis, 490-491 
discourse analysis 
efficiency, 487 
global coherence, 488-489 
local coherence, 487-488 
executive function impairment in 
communication disturbances, 491-494 
pragmatic analysis 
comprehension, 490 
overview, 489-490 
production, 490 
Triple-code model, s e e Number processing 
TS, s e e Turner syndrome 
Turner syndrome (TS) 
anatomical features, 520 
cognitive impairments, 520 
incidence, 520 
language features, 521 
U 
Underspecification theory, 209 
Uniform Resource Locator (URL), s e e Internet 
Unsupervised learning networks, s e e Neural 
network modeling 
URL, s e e Uniform Resource Locator 
V 
VaD, s e e Vascular dementia 
Vascular dementia (VaD) 
clinical characteristics and etiology, 448 
cognitive changes, 448-449 
confrontation naming and repitition, 450 
gaps in literature studies, 450-451 
reading and writing performance, 450 
788 Index 
Vascular dementia (VaD) ( c o n t i n u e d ) 
speech comprehension, 449-450 
verbal communication, 449 
Verbal fluency, s e e Word-fluency testing 
Verb naming deficits 
agrammatic patients, 5 
brain lesions, 3-4, 8-10 
category-specific impairments, 10-11 
history of research, 4-6 
lexical defect hypothesis, 6-8 
noun/verb dissociation,.event-related potential 
studies, 101-102, 108 
semantic defect hypothesis, 6-8 
Vico, Giovanni Battista, contributions to 
neurolinguistics, 4-5 
Vigil Continuous Performance Test, 639-640 
Visual processes, dyslexia, 576-578 
Visuospatial sketchpad, s e e Working memory 
Vocabulary acquisition, working memory role, 
298-299 
Voice onset time (VOT) 
brain localization of discriminations, 107 
phonetic deficit in aphasia, 211 
VOT, s e e Voice onset time 
W 
WAB, s e e Western Aphasia Battery 
Wada test, s e e Intracarotid sodium amytal test 
Wepfer, Johannes Jakob, contributions to 
neurolinguistics, 29-31 
Wernicke, Carl, contributions to neurolinguistics, 
45-46, 58 
Wernicke's aphasia 
age of onset, 23 
jargonophasia, 23-24 
recovery, 185 
Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) 
aphasia severity assessment, 75 
aphasia type classification, 75 
features and applications, 79,81 
scoring software, 640 
Wiener Test System, 640 
Williams syndrome 
clinical features, 518 
language features, 518-520 
neuroanatomical features, 518 
WinWege 1996, 640 
Word-class 
anterior-posterior distinction, 105-106 
event-related potential studies, 103, 105-106, 
108, 119-120 
opened versus closed-class words, 102-103 
Word-fluency testing, 74, 81 
dementia of the Alzheimer type, 467 
Parkinson's disease, 477-478 
Word-frequency, effects on event-related 
potentials, 106 
Working memory 
central executive role in language processing 
Alzheimer's disease, 295-296 
aphasia, 296-297 
senescence, 297 
central executive, 290 
definition and modeling, 289-290, 300 
narrative discourse, short-term memory role, 
263-264 
phonological loop 
articulatory rehearsal process, 289 
phonological store, 289-290 
sentence comprehension roles 
phonological short-term memory in first-pass 
language processing, 291-292 
phonological short-term memory in second- 
pass language processing, 292-293 
semantic short-term memory, 293-295 
syntactic short-term memory, 293-295 
speech production role, 298 
visuospatial sketchpad, 289-290 
vocabulary acquisition role, 298-299 
World Wide Web (WWW), s e e Internet 
Written language 
computer therapy in aphasia, 592 
emotional expression, 305 
invention of humankind in brain function, 19- 
21 
single-word processing deficits in aphasia, 232 
skills in dementia of the Alzheimer type, 469 
writing systems, 23 
WWW, s e e World Wide Web