Slides Material Complementar Língua Inglesa_ Aspectos Discursivos

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Profa. Silvana Rocha
MATERIAL COMPLEMENTAR 
Língua Inglesa: 
Aspectos Discursivos
 Linking Words – Sentence Connectors
 Adverbial Clauses
 Situational Formulas
 Gambits
Contents
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/lista-de-verifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-
sele%C3%A7%C3%A3o-lista-2077020. Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2018.
Linking Words – Sentence Connectors
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/cadeia-elo-da-cadeia-
conex%C3%A3o-2364830/. Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2018.
 Place
 Sequence / Listing
 Result / Consequence
 Emphasis
 Addition
 Reason
 Contrast
 Comparison
 Purpose
Linking Words – Sentence Connetors 
 As the name says, linking words are structures that link things in sentences.
 Words used to develop coherence within a paragraph, which is linking one idea / 
argument to another. 
 Place: wherever; where. 
 I will go wherever you will go.
 He has hidden the treasure where
no one can find it.
Linking Words – Sentence Connectors
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/%C3%A1rvore-
placas-de-fibra-de-madeira-3258849/. 
Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2018.
 Sequence / Listing: first; firstly; second; secondly; third; thirdly; next; last; finally; 
another; then; also etc.
 First he argued, then he admitted being wrong.
 Firstly it is wrong and secondly it is extremely difficult to implement.
 And thirdly, he introduced a process, which is strong enough to stop people 
making bad decisions when under pressure.
 Finally they announced the end of the conference.
Linking Words – Sentence Connectors
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/lista-de-
verifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-sele%C3%A7%C3%A3o-lista-2077020. 
Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2018.
 Result / Consequence: so; as a result; therefore; thus; consequently; as a 
consequence (of); hence; due to; for that reason etc.
 The students were complaining about the strong wind coming from the windows. 
So, one of them raised her hand and asked if she could close the windows.
 Prices fell by more than 20% last year. As a result, sales increased by 15%.
 He was injured and therefore unable to play in the championship.
 He didn’t study hard last year. Consequently, he failed in all his exams.
Linking Words – Sentence Connectors
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/resultado-do-balan%C3%A7o-siga-
sucesso-3236285/. Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2018.
 Emphasis: undoubtedly; indeed; obviously; generally; admittedly; in fact; 
particularly; in particular; especially; clearly; importantly etc. 
 Undoubtedly, his speech was well received, despite some complaints from new
members.
 It was not expected to last long, and indeed it took less than three weeks.
 She was obviously sick.
 He particularly denied having said that.
Linking Words – Sentence Connectors
 Addition: and; in addition; additionally; an additional; furthermore; also; too; as 
well as; not only...but also; moreover etc. 
 They danced and sang beautifully.
 In addition / Additionally, they advised me not to stay longer there.
 Desktop computers are cheaper and more reliable than laptops; furthermore, 
they are more flexible.
 The party was very crowded and also very funny.
 She learned how to make cakes and pies too. 
Linking Words – Sentences Connectors
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/quadro-negro-ensino-giz-
1644744/. Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2018. 
 Reason: for; because; because of; since; as etc. 
 The days were short, for it was now December. 
 He preferred not to go because it was already late.
 Because of the bad weather last Sunday, nobody went jogging.
 As everybody was in the room, she decided to say all the truth.
Linking Words – Sentence Connectors
 Contrast: however; nevertheless; nonetheless; still; although / though; even 
though; but; yet; despite; in spite of; in contrast (to); in comparison; while; 
whereas; on the other hand; on the contrary; conversely etc.
 She lives upstairs, but I never meet her. 
 Although the sun was shining it wasn't that warm.
 I was hunting for work. Jobs were scarce though. 
 Despite / In spite of the rain, they decided to celebrate their wedding 
anniversary in the garden. 

Linking Words – Sentences Connectors
 Comparison: similarly; likewise; like; just as; just like; similar to; same as; 
compared to / with etc.
 George bought an expensive mansion last year. Similarly Emma, his ex-wife, 
bought another one some months later.
 The dream of young people is to grow old, and it is likewise the dream of their 
parents to relive youth.
 They are people who change countries like they change clothes.
 He understood everything just as I imagined he would.
Linking Words – Sentence Connectors
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/alimentos-estilo-de-vida-
saud%C3%A1vel-3269653/. Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2018
 Purpose: in order to; so as to; so that; to etc.
 I went to the Spain in order to learn Spanish.
 She got up early so as to have plenty of time to finish her report.
 She was speaking loudly so that all the audience could listen to her. 
 They saved a lot of money to buy another house. 
Linking Words – Sentence Connectors
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/destino-objetivo-
prop%C3%B3sito-1285851/. Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2018.
Which linking word completes the sentence below?
It was announced that nurses' working hours would be increased by 
25%. ___________, even fewer trainee nurses are expected to join the profession. 
a) As a result
b) However
c) In spite of
d) Because
e) Secondly
Interactivity
Which linking word completes the sentence below?
It was announced that nurses' working hours would be increased by 
25%. ___________, even fewer trainee nurses are expected to join the profession. 
a) As a result
b) However
c) In spite of
d) Because
e) Secondly
Answer
 They act as adverbs, but they are clauses.
 Firstly, let’s remember what adverbs are:
 Words that modify a verb, an adjective or an adverb. 
 She sings beautifully. (modifies a verb)
 He is very brave. (modifies an adjective) 
 She entered the room quite silently. (modifies an adverb)
Adverbial Clauses
 Secondly, let’s remember some kinds of adverbs:
 Place: there, here etc.
 Time: yesterday, today, tonight etc.
 Manner: beautifully, calmly, joyfully, patiently, regretfully etc.
Adverbs
https://pixabay.com/pt/despertador-tempo-de-bom-dia-2116007/
https://pixabay.com/pt/destino-indecis%C3%A3o-caminho-viajando-3413087/
 As adverbs do, adverbial clauses can modify the sentence by telling something 
about an action:
 What information do they bring us?
Adverbial Clauses
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/crian%C3%A7a-menino-
pergunta-marca-32379/. Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2018.
Information about:
 The “place” (answering the question “where”)
 The “time” (answering the question “when”)
 The “reason” (answering the question “why”)
 The “purpose” (answering the question “what for”)
 The “condition” (answering the question “under what conditions”)
Adverbial Clauses
 Where?
 I told him to put his new toy where the others were.
 Wherever there is music, people will often dance.
Adverbial Clauses
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/destino-indecis%C3%A3o-
caminho-viajando-3413087. Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2018.
 When?
 They left as soon as I came into the room. 
 I will see you after I leave the office.
 Before I finish the report I will send a draft copy.
 The wedding will begin as soon as the bride arrives.
Adverbial Clauses
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/despertador-tempo-
de-bom-dia-2116007/. Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2018.
 Why?
 Because I was tired of waiting I gave up and went home.
 She passed the course because she worked hard.
Adverbial Clauses
 What for?
 So that he would not ruin the carpet, he took off his shoes.
 He’s been eating a lot of vegetables in order to stay healthy.
Adverbial Clauses
 Under what condition?
 If yousave some money, you can buy a new game.
 Unless you hurry, you will be late for school.
 I’d taste that local specialty unless she had it too. 
Adverbial Clauses
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/homem-d%C3%BAvida-menino-
negro-pessoa-1529153/. Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2018.
The underlined part of the sentence “I’ll go wherever you will go” refers to an:
a) Adverbial Clause of Time.
b) Adverbial Clause of Place.
c) Adverbial Clause of Reason.
d) Adverbial Clause of Purpose. 
e) Adverbial Clause of Condition. 
Interactivity
The underlined part of the sentence “I’ll go wherever you will go” refers to an:
a) Adverbial Clause of Time.
b) Adverbial Clause of Place.
c) Adverbial Clause of Reason.
d) Adverbial Clause of Purpose. 
e) Adverbial Clause of Condition. 
Answer
 The English language is idiomatic and conventional.
 A lot of expressions are ready and considered as formulas in a language and
they work in a practical way. 
 Thus, we don’t have to invent or create other expressions in specific situatons.
 This is a very important social character of the English language. 
 In fact, who determines the use of these formulas are the social conventions
themselves, conventions of formalities and of sociability.
Situational Formulas
 We can say we have polite formulas, which are very common in our daily life.
The most known polite formulas are related to:
 Thanking: Thank you; Many thanks; Thank you very much; Thank you a lot; 
Thank you a bunch; Thanks a million; Thanks a billion.
Situational Formulas
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/caligrafia-caneta-obrigado-
voc%C3%AA-2658504/. Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2018.
In response to thankfulness:
 You are welcome.
 Don’t mention it.
 My pleasure.
Situational Formulas 
Disponível em:https://pixabay.com/pt/madeira-quadro-de-
giz-antigo-3289268. Acesso em: 23 de mai. 2018.
Apologizing:
 I am so sorry.
 I am extremely sorry.
 So sorry.
Situational Formulas 
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/alimentos-bebidas-%C3%A0-tarde-
desculpar-2940251/. Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2018.
Greetings and Others:
 Good morning; Good afternoon; Good evening; Good night; Have a nice day!; 
Have a nice weekend!
 Excuse me!
 Pardon.
 Please.
 How are you?
 See you later.
Situational Formulas
Situational formulas = expressions used in specific situations, such as those we
need to say at:
Wedding parties;
Birthday parties; 
Hospitals or homes (when visiting someone sick); 
Funerals;
Special Occasions.
Situational Formulas
Weddings:
 Congratulations!
 All the best!
 I wish you all the best!
Situational Formulas
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/bolo-de-noiva-bolo-geada-
casamento-3426140/. Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2018.
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/bouquet-de-noiva-flores-
casamento-3333404/. Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2018
Birthday parties:
 Happy birthday.
 Many happy returns.
 Many happy returns of the day.
Celebrating:
 Cheers!
Situational Formulas 
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/anivers%C3%A1rio-cart%C3%A3o-cele-
celebra%C3%A7%C3%A3o-3148707. Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2018.
For somebody sick:
 Get well soon.
For somebody sneezing: 
 God bless you.
 Bless you.
Situational Formulas
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/alergia-frio-doen%C3%A7a-
gripe-menina-18656/. Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2018.
Visiting someone sick:
 It's good to see you.
 I'm glad I was able to visit you.
 I'm sorry you aren't feeling well.
 I've been thinking a lot about you.
 I don't know what to say.
Situational Formulas
 NEVER SAY!
 You don't seem sick.
 I've had it a lot worse than you.
 You're being a baby.
 I wish I could do something.
Situational Formulas
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/caminho-errado-
inscreva-se-estrada-167535/. Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2018.
What to write to someone who is sick:
 If I had a time machine I would use it to go to the future when you will be feeling 
better.
 I am sorry you are not feeling well. I hope you have a complete and quick 
recovery.
 I just wanted to write you to encourage you to stay strong and to let you know you 
are in my thoughts and prayers.
 I am sorry to hear that you are not feeling well. Get well soon!
Situational Formulas – Get Well Wishes
What to write to someone who is sick:
 I am praying for a quick recovery for you. Get better and make my prayers 
come true.
 I know that everyone gets sick sometimes. I just don't like to see someone 
as nice as you suffer.
 If I could schedule your recovery, I'd make it happen in the next couple days.
 Get well soon, so I can come over and bother you.
 I'm writing you a prescription to get better. Don't forget to take your medicine.
Situational Formulas – Get Well Wishes
What to write to someone who is sick:
 I'm looking forward to you getting back to your invincible self. Get well soon, 
superman.
 I'm sending you warm regards, and I hope that you will get well soon.
 I am praying that you have the strength and the peace to get you though 
your illness.
 If I told you to 'get well soon,' it wouldn't be soon enough. Get well now!
Situational Formulas – Get Well Wishes
The most common nouns when wishing “Get Well Messages”:
Care
Comfort
Faith
Healing
Health
Peace
Recovery
Strength 
Support
Treatment
Situational Formulas – Get Well Wishes
The most common verbs when wishing “Get Well Messages”:
Get well
Hope
Heal
Improve
Love
Miss
Pray
Recover
Rest
Wish
Situational Formulas – Get Well Wishes
The most common adjectives when wishing “Get Well Messages”:
Better
Energetic 
Full
Healthy
New
Perfect
Quick
Speedy
Well
Whole
Situational Formulas – Get Well Wishes
At a funeral:
 My sympathy.
 My sincere sympathy.
 Accept my condolences.
 Please accept my condolences.
 My warmest condolences.
Situational formulas
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/papoula-vermelha-a-
ferrovi%C3%A1ria-3414256/. Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2018.
What to write to somebody who lost a beloved person:
 You are in my thoughts.
 Our thoughts and prayers are with you. 
 Our thoughts are with you and your family during this difficult time.
 We are thinking of you.
 We are thinking of you during this difficult time.
 With deepest sympathy.
Situational Formulas
What to write to somebody who lost a beloved person:
 Our hearts go out to you in your time of sorrow.
 We pray the love of God enfolds you during your journey through grief.
 We send you thoughts of comfort.
 Please accept our most heartfelt sympathies for your loss.
 We share comfort in knowing “name of deceased” is no longer suffering. We send 
thoughts of sympathy and support to you as you begin your journey without “name 
of deceased”.
Situational Formulas
What to write to somebody who lost a beloved person:
 Words seem inadequate to express the sadness we feel about “name of 
deceased” death. We are here to support you in your grieving process. With 
sincere sympathy.
 May your heart and soul find peace and comfort.
 Peace, Prayers and Blessings.
 Wishing you peace to bring comfort, courage to face the days ahead and loving 
memories to forever hold in your hearts.
Situational Formulas
On special holidays:
Christmas:
 Merry Christmas!
 Happy Christmas!
Situational Formulas
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/natal-feliz-
natal-feriado-1887564/. Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2028.
What to write on Christmas Day to a friend:
 Have your best Christmas ever!
 Merry Christmas with lots of love.
 Peace and joy to you and yours this Christmas season.
 Wishing you a very merry Christmas and the chance to do lots more fishing in the 
New Year!
 Thinking warmly of each of you and wishing your family an extra measure of 
comfort, joy and hope this Christmas.
Situational Formulas
What to write on Christmas Day to a friend:
 We hope you have a nice, relaxingChristmas!
 I hope your holiday season is full of good things.
 Praying you have a wonderful Christmas filled with moments you’ll always 
remember.
 May your season be merry!
 So grateful to have a friend like you at Christmas and all year long.
Situational Formulas
Special Occasions:
 Happy New Year!
 Happy Thanksgiving.
 Happy Easter.
Situational Formulas
Which situation is the message related to?
“I am praying that you have the strength and the peace to get you through 
your illness”.
a) Funeral.
b) Wedding party.
c) Get well wishes.
d) Easter.
e) Christmas Day and New Year. 
Interactivity
Which situation is the message related to?
“I am praying that you have the strength and the peace to get you through 
your illness”.
a) Funeral.
b) Wedding party.
c) Get well wishes.
d) Easter.
e) Christmas Day and New Year.
Answer
 What are gambits? 
 They are remarks intended to start a conversation or make a telling point. 
 They help one express what he or she is trying to say.
 There are three main kinds of gambits: 
 Opening
 Linking
 Closing.
Gambits
 Opening Gambits
 They serve as a greeting, showing desire to join the group in conversation, and 
establish a possible topic for conversation.
The traffic is terrible… / The traffic in this city is…
The weather is nice today… / At last some sunshine!
Pardon.
Excuse me…
I think that…
Speaking of…
Guess what…
Surprise! 
Opening Gambits
 If you are in a place and intend to start a conversation with someone: 
In a bookstore:
 How often do you come here? 
 (You can know the habits of the other person, such as reading books, preferences, 
favorite authors etc).
Opening Gambits
Disponível em: https://pixabay.com/pt/biblioteca-livros-
educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-869061. Acesso em: 25 de mai. 2018.
At a party:
 How do you know…? 
 (A good start which leads to a discussion about the mutual 
connections of the speakers).
Opening Gambits
Fonte: https://pixabay.com/pt/pessoas-feliz-pessoas-felizes-1230872/. 
Acesso em: 26 de mai. 2018.
At a meeting:
 What do you think about…? 
 (It can lead into a further, more in-depth conversation about the speakers’ 
philosophies and beliefs related to the organization)
Opening Gambits
Linking Gambits:
 They appear in the middle of a conversation and can have several functions as the
following examples.
Emphasizing a point: 
But the real question is…
This raises the problem of…
Perhaps I should mention…
And another thing is… 
Linking Gambits
Giving reasons:
Not to mention the fact of…
Not only that but…
Correcting oneself:
Let me put it in another way…
What I am trying to say is…
You’ve probably heard that…
The truth of the matter is…
Linking Gambits
Demanding explanations:
Can you explain why…?
I don’t understand why…
Could you make yourself clear?
Illustrating a point:
To give you an idea…
By way of illustration…
Let me show it…
Let me draw… 
Linking Gambits
Finishing a story:
To cut a long story short…
To put the whole story in a nutshell…
To put the whole thing in a nutshell…
To summarize…
To make the story short…
Linking Gambits
 Tip!
 Search for other kinds / examples of linking gambits. 
 There are a lot of examples for particular communicative situations. 
Linking Gambits
Closing Gambits:
 They are used to finish a conversation. 
 Many times, we don’t know how to finish a conversation without being impolite or 
showing the conversation is not so pleasant.
Closing Gambits
Sorry, but it’s too late…
Sorry, but I’ve got to go…
Well, I won’t take any more of your time…
Sorry, but I have to be off…
If you don’t mind, I need to go…
Closing Gambits
Fonte: https://pixabay.com/pt/m%C3%A3o-
bra%C3%A7o-escudo-manter-at%C3%A9-logo-
997395/. Acesso em: 27 de mai. 2018.
Which the sentence “Could you make yourself clear?” refer to?
a) Closing gambit.
b) Opening gambit.
c) Linking gambit.
d) Situational formula for a “wedding party”.
e) Situational formula for “get well wishes”. 
Interactivity
Which the sentence “Could you make yourself clear?” refer to?
a) Closing gambit.
b) Opening gambit.
c) Linking gambit.
d) Situational formula for a “wedding party”.
e) Situational formula for “get well wishes”. 
Answer
SEE YOU NEXT TIME!