Em alta
ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023
Division 2
Alter native Rules
SECTION VIII
Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
2023
ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code
An International Code
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Markings such as “ASME,” “ASME Standard,” or any other marking including “ASME,” ASME logos,
see
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VIII
RULES FOR CONSTRUCTION
OF PRESSURE VESSELS
Division 2
Alternative Rules
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee
on Pressure Vessels
AN INTERNATIONAL CODE
2023 ASME Boiler &
Pressure Vessel Code
2023 Edition July 1, 2023
Two Park Avenue • New York, NY • 10016 USA
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Date of Issuance: July 1, 2023
Thi s int e rn a t i on a l cod e or stan d a r d was deve l o p ed un de r pro c e d ur e s acc r ed it e d as meet in g the cri t e r ia fo r
American National Standards and it is an Americ an Natio nal Standard. The sta ndard s committe e t hat app rove d
the code or standard was balanced to ensure that individuals from competent and concerned interests had an op-
portunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was made available for public review and comment,
which provided an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia, regulatory agencies, and
the public-at-large.
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ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with
any items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against lia-
bility for infringement of any applicable letters patent, nor does ASME assume any such liability. Users of a code or
standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infrin-
gement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility.
Participatio n by federal agency r epresentat ives or persons aff iliated with ind ustry is not to be interpre ted as
government or industry endorsement of this code or standard.
ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the es-
tablished ASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals.
The endnotes and preamble in this document (if any) are part of this American National Standard.
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retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
publisher.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 56-3934
Adopted by the Council of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1914; latest edition 2023.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Two Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990
Copyright © 2023 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All rights reserved
Printed in U.S.A.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxviii
Statement of Policy on the Use of the ASME Single Certification Mark and Code Authorization in Advertising xxx
Statement of Policy on the Use of ASME Marking to Identify Manufactured Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxx
Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi
Correspondence With the Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liii
Summary of Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lv
Cross-Referencing in the ASME BPVC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lx
Part 1 General Requirements ......................................................... 1
1.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.3 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.2 Additional Requirements for Very High Pressure Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.3 Geometric Scope of This Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.4 Classifications Outside the Scope of this Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.5 Combination Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.6 Field Assembly of Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.7 Overpressure Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Standards Referenced by This Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Units of Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.6 Technical Inquiries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.7 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Annex 1-B Definitions ................................................................... 7
1-B.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1-B.2 Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Annex 1-C Guidance for the Use of U.S. Customary and SI Units in the ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Codes ................................................................ 9
1-C.1 Use of Units in Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1-C.2 Guidelines Used to Develop SI Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1-C.3 Soft Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1-C.4 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Part 2 Responsibilities and Duties .................................................... 15
2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.3 Code Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 User Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.2 Multiple Identical Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.3 User’s Design Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 Manufacturer’s Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.1 Code Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.2 Materials Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
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2.3.3 Manufacturer’s Design Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.4 Manufacturer’s Data Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.5 Manufacturer’s Construction Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.6 Quality Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.7 Manufacturer’s Design Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.8 Certification of Subcontracted Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.9 Inspection and Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.10 Application of Certification Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4 The Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4.1 Identification of Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4.2 Inspector Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4.3 Inspector’s Duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Annex 2-A Guide for Certifying a User’s Design Specification ................................ 21
2-A.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2-A.2 Certification of the User’s Design Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2-A.3 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Annex 2-B Guide for Certifying a Manufacturer’s Design Report ............................. 23
2-B.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2-B.2 Certification of Manufacturer’s Design Report by a Certifying Engineer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2-B.3 Certification of a Manufacturer’s Design Report by an Engineer or a Designer . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2-B.4 Manufacturer’s Design Report Certification Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2-B.5 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Annex 2-C Report Forms and Maintenance of Records ...................................... 25
2-C.1 Manufacturer’s Data Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2-C.2 Manufacturer’s Partial Data Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2-C.3 Maintenance of Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Annex 2-D Guide for Preparing Manufacturer’s Data Reports ................................ 28
2-D.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2-D.2 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Annex 2-E Quality Control System ........................................................ 42
2-E.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2-E.2 Outline of Features Included in the Quality Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2-E.3 Authority and Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2-E.4 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2-E.5 Drawings, Design Calculations, and Specification Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2-E.6 Material Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2-E.7 Examination and Inspection Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2-E.8 Correction of Nonconformities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2-E.9 Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2-E.10 Nondestructive Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2-E.11 Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2-E.12 Calibration of Measurement and Test Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2-E.13 Records Retention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2-E.14 Sample Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2-E.15 Inspection of Vessels and Vessel Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2-E.16 Inspection of Pressure Relief Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Annex 2-F Contents and Method of Stamping .............................................. 45
2-F.1 Required Marking for Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2-F.2 Required Marking for Combination Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2-F.3 Application of Stamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2-F.4 Part Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2-F.5 Application of Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2-F.6 Duplicate Nameplate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
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2-F.7 Size and Arrangements of Characters for Nameplate and Direct Stamping of Vessels . . . . . . 48
2-F.8 Attachment of Nameplate or Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2-F.9 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Annex 2-G Obtaining and Using Certification Mark Stamps .................................. 50
2-G.1 Certification Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2-G.2 Application for Certificate of Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2-G.3 Issuance of Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2-G.4 Designated Oversight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2-G.5 Quality Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2-G.6 Evaluation of the Quality Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2-G.7 Code Construction Before Receipt of Certificate of Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Annex 2-I Establishing Governing Code Editions and Cases for Pressure Vessels and Parts ..... 51
2-I.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2-I.2 Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2-I.3 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Annex 2-J Qualifications and Requirements for Certifying Engineers and Designers ........... 52
2-J.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2-J.2 Competency Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2-J.3 Qualification Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2-J.4 Certification Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Part 3 Materials Requirements ....................................................... 55
3.1 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2 Materials Permitted for Construction of Vessel Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2.1 Materials for Pressure Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2.2 Materials for Attachments to Pressure Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2.3 Welding Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.2.4 Dissimilar Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.2.5 Product Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.2.6 Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.2.7 Product Identification and Traceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.2.8 Prefabricated or Preformed Pressure Parts Furnished Without a Code Stamp . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.2.9 Definition of Product Form Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.2.10 Product Form Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.2.11 Purchase Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.2.12 Material Identified With or Produced to a Specification Not Permitted by This Division . . . 62
3.3 Supplemental Requirements for Ferrous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.3.2 Chemistry Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.3.3 Ultrasonic Examination of Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.3.4 Ultrasonic Examination of Forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.3.5 Magnetic Particle and Liquid Penetrant Examination of Forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.3.6 Integral and Weld Metal Overlay Clad Base Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.3.7 Clad Tubesheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.4 Supplemental Requirements for Cr–Mo Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.4.2 Postweld Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.4.3 Test Specimen Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.4.4 Welding Procedure Qualifications and Welding Consumables Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.4.5 Toughness Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.5 Supplemental Requirements for Q&T Steels With Enhanced Tensile Properties . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.5.2 Parts for Which Q&T Steels May Be Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.5.3 Structural Attachments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
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3.6 Supplemental Requirements for Nonferrous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.6.2 Ultrasonic Examination of Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.6.3 Ultrasonic Examination of Forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.6.4 Liquid Penetrant Examination of Forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.6.5 Clad Plate and Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.6.6 Clad Tubesheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.7 Supplemental Requirements for Bolting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.7.2 Examination of Bolts, Studs, and Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.7.3 Threading and Machining of Studs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.7.4 Use of Washers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.7.5 Ferrous Bolting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.7.6 Nonferrous Bolting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.7.7 Materials for Ferrous and Nonferrous Nuts of Special Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.8 Supplemental Requirements for Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.8.2 Requirements for Ferrous Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.8.3 Requirements for Nonferrous Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.9 Supplemental Requirements for Hubs Machined From Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.9.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.9.2 Material Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.9.3 Examination Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.9.4 Data Reports and Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.10 Material Test Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.10.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.10.2 Requirements for Sample Test Coupons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.10.3 Exemptions from Requirement of Sample Test Coupons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.10.4 Procedure for Obtaining Test Specimens and Coupons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.10.5 Procedure for Heat Treating Test Specimens from Ferrous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.10.6 Test Coupon Heat Treatment for Nonferrous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.11 Material Toughness Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.11.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.11.2 Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Except Bolting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.11.3 Quenched and Tempered Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.11.4 High Alloy Steels Except Bolting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.11.5 Nonferrous Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.11.6 Bolting Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.11.7 Toughness Testing Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.11.8 Impact Testing of Welding Procedures and Test Plates of Ferrous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.12 Allowable Design Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.13 Strength Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.14 Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.15 Design Fatigue Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.16 Design Values for Temperatures Colder Than −30°C ( −20°F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.17 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.18 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.19 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.20 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Annex 3-A Allowable Design Stresses ...................................................... 124
3-A.1 Allowable Stress Basis —All Materials Except Bolting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3-A.2 Allowable Stress Basis —Bolting Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3-A.3 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Annex 3-B Requirements for Material Procurement ........................................ 147
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Annex 3-D Strength Parameters .......................................................... 148
3-D.1 Yield Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
3-D.2 Ultimate Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
3-D.3 Stress Strain Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
3-D.4 Cyclic Stress Strain Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
3-D.5 Tangent Modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
3-D.6 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
3-D.7 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Annex 3-E Physical Properties ............................................................ 155
3-E.1 Young’s Modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
3-E.2 Thermal Expansion Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
3-E.3 Thermal Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
3-E.4 Thermal Diffusivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Annex 3-F Design Fatigue Curves ......................................................... 156
3-F.1 Smooth Bar Design Fatigue Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
3-F.2 Welded Joint Design Fatigue Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
3-F.3 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
3-F.4 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
3-F.5 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Part 4 Design by Rule Requirements .................................................. 170
4.1 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.1.2 Minimum Thickness Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.1.3 Material Thickness Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4.1.4 Corrosion Allowance in Design Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4.1.5 Design Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4.1.6 Design Allowable Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
4.1.7 Materials in Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
4.1.8 Combination Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
4.1.9 Cladding and Weld Overlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
4.1.10 Internal Linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
4.1.11 Flanges and Pipe Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
4.1.12 Vessels in Elevated Temperature Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
4.1.13 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
4.1.14 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
4.2 Design Rules for Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.2.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.2.2 Weld Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.2.3 Weld Joint Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.2.4 Weld Joint Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.2.5 Types of Joints Permitted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.2.6 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
4.2.7 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
4.2.8 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
4.3 Design Rules for Shells Under Internal Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
4.3.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
4.3.2 Shell Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
4.3.3 Cylindrical Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
4.3.4 Conical Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
4.3.5 Spherical Shells and Hemispherical Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
4.3.6 Torispherical Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
4.3.7 Ellipsoidal Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
4.3.8 Local Thin Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
4.3.9 Drilled Holes Not Penetrating Through the Vessel Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
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4.3.10 Combined Loadings and Allowable Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
4.3.11 Cylindrical-to-Conical Shell Transition Junctions Without a Knuckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
4.3.12 Cylindrical-to-Conical Shell Transition Junctions With a Knuckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
4.3.13 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
4.3.14 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
4.3.15 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
4.4 Design of Shells Under External Pressure and Allowable Compressive Stresses . . . . . . . . . . 235
4.4.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
4.4.2 Design Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
4.4.3 Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
4.4.4 Shell Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
4.4.5 Cylindrical Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
4.4.6 Conical Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
4.4.7 Spherical Shell and Hemispherical Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
4.4.8 Torispherical Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
4.4.9 Ellipsoidal Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
4.4.10 Local Thin Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
4.4.11 Drilled Holes Not Penetrating Through the Vessel Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
4.4.12 Combined Loadings and Allowable Compressive Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
4.4.13 Cylindrical-to-Conical Shell Transition Junctions Without a Knuckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
4.4.14 Cylindrical-to-Conical Shell Transition Junctions With a Knuckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
4.4.15 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
4.4.16 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
4.4.17 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
4.5 Design Rules for Openings in Shells and Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
4.5.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
4.5.2 Dimensions and Shape of Nozzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
4.5.3 Method of Nozzle Attachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
4.5.4 Nozzle Neck Minimum Thickness Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
4.5.5 Radial Nozzle in a Cylindrical Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
4.5.6 Hillside Nozzle in a Cylindrical Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
4.5.7 Nozzle in a Cylindrical Shell Oriented at an Angle from the Longitudinal Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
4.5.8 Radial Nozzle in a Conical Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
4.5.9 Nozzle in a Conical Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
4.5.10 Radial Nozzle in a Spherical Shell or Formed Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
4.5.11 Hillside or Perpendicular Nozzle in a Spherical Shell or Formed Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
4.5.12 Circular Nozzles in a Flat Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
4.5.13 Spacing Requirements for Nozzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
4.5.14 Strength of Nozzle Attachment Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
4.5.15 Local Stresses in Shells, Formed Heads, and Nozzles from External Loads on Nozzles . . . . . 274
4.5.16 Inspection Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
4.5.17 Openings Subject to Axial Compression, External Pressure, and the Combination Thereof . 276
4.5.18 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
4.5.19 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
4.5.20 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
4.6 Design Rules for Flat Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
4.6.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
4.6.2 Flat Unstayed Circular Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
4.6.3 Flat Unstayed Noncircular Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
4.6.4 Integral Flat Head With a Centrally Located Opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
4.6.5 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
4.6.6 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
4.6.7 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
4.7 Design Rules for Spherically Dished Bolted Covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
4.7.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
4.7.2 Type A Head Thickness Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
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ASME BPVC.VI I I .2-2023 Div is ion 2 Al te rnat ive Ru les SECTION VII I Rules for Construct ion of Pressure Vessels 2023 ASME Boiler andPressure Vessel Code An International Code Markings such as “ASME,” “ASME Standard,” or any other marking including “ASME,” ASME logos, or the ASME Single Cer�fica�on Mark shall not be used on any item that is not constructed in accordance with all of the applicable requirements of the Code or Standard. Use of the ASME Single Cer�fica�on Mark requires formal ASME cer�fica�on; if no cer�fica�on program is available, such ASME markings may not be used. (For Cer�fica�on and Accredita�on Programs, see h�ps://www.asme.org/cer�fica�on-accredita�on.) Items produced by par�es not formally possessing an ASME Cer�ficate may not be described, either explicitly or implicitly, as ASME cer�fied or approved in any code forms or other document. VIII RULES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF PRESSURE VESSELS Division 2 Alternative Rules ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee on Pressure Vessels AN INTERNATIONAL CODE 2023 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code 2023 Edition July 1, 2023 Two Park Avenue • New York, NY • 10016 USA Date of Issuance: July 1, 2023 This international code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American National Standards and it is an American National Standard. The standards committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to ensure that individuals from competent and concerned interests had an op- portunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was made available for public review and comment, which provided an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia, regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large. ASME does not “approve,” “certify,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity. ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against lia- bility for infringement of any applicable letters patent, nor does ASME assume any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infrin- gement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Participation by federal agency representatives or persons affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as government or industry endorsement of this code or standard. ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the es- tablished ASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals. The endnotes and preamble in this document (if any) are part of this American National Standard. ASME Collective Membership Mark ASME Single Certification Mark “ASME” and the above ASME symbols are registered trademarks of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 56-3934 Adopted by the Council of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1914; latest edition 2023. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Two Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990 Copyright © 2023 by THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS All rights reserved Printed in U.S.A. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxviii Statement of Policy on the Use of the ASME Single Certification Mark and Code Authorization in Advertising xxx Statement of Policy on the Use of ASME Marking to Identify Manufactured Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxx Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi Correspondence With the Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liii Summary of Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lv Cross-Referencing in the ASME BPVC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lx Part 1 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.2 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.3 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2.2 Additional Requirements for Very High Pressure Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.3 Geometric Scope of This Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.4 Classifications Outside the Scope of this Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2.5 Combination Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2.6 Field Assembly of Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2.7 Overpressure Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 Standards Referenced by This Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.4 Units of Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.5 Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.6 Technical Inquiries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.7 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Annex 1-B Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1-B.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1-B.2 Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Annex 1-C Guidance for the Use of U.S. Customary and SI Units in the ASME Boiler andPressure Vessel Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1-C.1 Use of Units in Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1-C.2 Guidelines Used to Develop SI Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1-C.3 Soft Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1-C.4 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Part 2 Responsibilities and Duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.1.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.1.3 Code Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.2 User Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.2.2 Multiple Identical Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.2.3 User’s Design Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.3 Manufacturer’s Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.3.1 Code Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.3.2 Materials Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 iii 2.3.3 Manufacturer’s Design Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3.4 Manufacturer’s Data Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.5 Manufacturer’s Construction Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.6 Quality Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.7 Manufacturer’s Design Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.8 Certification of Subcontracted Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.9 Inspection and Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.10 Application of Certification Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.4 The Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4.1 Identification of Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4.2 Inspector Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4.3 Inspector’s Duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Annex 2-A Guide for Certifying a User’s Design Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2-A.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2-A.2 Certification of the User’s Design Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2-A.3 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Annex 2-B Guide for Certifying a Manufacturer’s Design Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2-B.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2-B.2 Certification of Manufacturer’s Design Report by a Certifying Engineer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2-B.3 Certification of a Manufacturer’s Design Report by an Engineer or a Designer . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2-B.4 Manufacturer’s Design Report Certification Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2-B.5 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Annex 2-C Report Forms and Maintenance of Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2-C.1 Manufacturer’s Data Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2-C.2 Manufacturer’s Partial Data Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2-C.3 Maintenance of Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Annex 2-D Guide for Preparing Manufacturer’s Data Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2-D.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2-D.2 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Annex 2-E Quality Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2-E.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2-E.2 Outline of Features Included in the Quality Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2-E.3 Authority and Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2-E.4 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2-E.5 Drawings, Design Calculations, and Specification Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2-E.6 Material Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2-E.7 Examination and Inspection Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2-E.8 Correction of Nonconformities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2-E.9 Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2-E.10 Nondestructive Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2-E.11 Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2-E.12 Calibration of Measurement and Test Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2-E.13 Records Retention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2-E.14 Sample Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2-E.15 Inspection of Vessels and Vessel Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2-E.16 Inspection of Pressure Relief Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Annex 2-F Contents and Method of Stamping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2-F.1 Required Marking for Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2-F.2 Required Marking for Combination Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2-F.3 Application of Stamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2-F.4 Part Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2-F.5 Application of Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2-F.6 Duplicate Nameplate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 iv 2-F.7 Size and Arrangements of Characters for Nameplate and Direct Stamping of Vessels . . . . . . 48 2-F.8 Attachment of Nameplate or Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2-F.9 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Annex 2-G Obtaining and Using Certification Mark Stamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2-G.1 Certification Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2-G.2 Application for Certificate of Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2-G.3 Issuance of Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2-G.4 Designated Oversight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2-G.5 Quality Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2-G.6 Evaluation of the Quality Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2-G.7 Code Construction Before Receipt of Certificate of Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Annex 2-I Establishing Governing Code Editions and Cases for Pressure Vessels and Parts . . . . . 51 2-I.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2-I.2 Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2-I.3 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Annex 2-J Qualifications and Requirements for Certifying Engineers and Designers . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2-J.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2-J.2 Competency Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2-J.3 Qualification Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2-J.4 Certification Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Part 3 Materials Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.1 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.2 Materials Permitted for Construction of Vessel Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.2.1 Materials for Pressure Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.2.2 Materials for Attachments to Pressure Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.2.3 Welding Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.2.4 Dissimilar Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.2.5 Product Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.2.6 Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.2.7 Product Identification and Traceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.2.8 Prefabricated or Preformed Pressure Parts Furnished Without a Code Stamp . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.2.9 Definition of Product Form Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.2.10 Product Form Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.2.11 Purchase Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.2.12 Material Identified With or Produced to a Specification Not Permitted by This Division . . . 62 3.3 Supplemental Requirements for Ferrous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.3.2 Chemistry Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.3.3 Ultrasonic Examination of Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.3.4 Ultrasonic Examination of Forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.3.5 Magnetic Particle and Liquid Penetrant Examination of Forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.3.6 Integral and Weld Metal Overlay Clad Base Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.3.7 Clad Tubesheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.4Supplemental Requirements for Cr–Mo Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.4.2 Postweld Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.4.3 Test Specimen Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.4.4 Welding Procedure Qualifications and Welding Consumables Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.4.5 Toughness Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.5 Supplemental Requirements for Q&T Steels With Enhanced Tensile Properties . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.5.2 Parts for Which Q&T Steels May Be Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3.5.3 Structural Attachments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 v 3.6 Supplemental Requirements for Nonferrous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3.6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3.6.2 Ultrasonic Examination of Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3.6.3 Ultrasonic Examination of Forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3.6.4 Liquid Penetrant Examination of Forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.6.5 Clad Plate and Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.6.6 Clad Tubesheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.7 Supplemental Requirements for Bolting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.7.2 Examination of Bolts, Studs, and Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.7.3 Threading and Machining of Studs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.7.4 Use of Washers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.7.5 Ferrous Bolting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.7.6 Nonferrous Bolting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.7.7 Materials for Ferrous and Nonferrous Nuts of Special Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.8 Supplemental Requirements for Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.8.2 Requirements for Ferrous Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3.8.3 Requirements for Nonferrous Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.9 Supplemental Requirements for Hubs Machined From Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.9.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.9.2 Material Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.9.3 Examination Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.9.4 Data Reports and Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.10 Material Test Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.10.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.10.2 Requirements for Sample Test Coupons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.10.3 Exemptions from Requirement of Sample Test Coupons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.10.4 Procedure for Obtaining Test Specimens and Coupons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.10.5 Procedure for Heat Treating Test Specimens from Ferrous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.10.6 Test Coupon Heat Treatment for Nonferrous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.11 Material Toughness Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.11.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.11.2 Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Except Bolting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.11.3 Quenched and Tempered Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 3.11.4 High Alloy Steels Except Bolting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 3.11.5 Nonferrous Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 3.11.6 Bolting Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 3.11.7 Toughness Testing Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 3.11.8 Impact Testing of Welding Procedures and Test Plates of Ferrous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 3.12 Allowable Design Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.13 Strength Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.14 Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.15 Design Fatigue Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.16 Design Values for Temperatures Colder Than −30°C (−20°F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 3.17 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 3.18 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 3.19 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 3.20 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Annex 3-A Allowable Design Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 3-A.1 Allowable Stress Basis — All Materials Except Bolting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 3-A.2 Allowable Stress Basis — Bolting Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 3-A.3 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Annex 3-B Requirements for Material Procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 vi Annex 3-D Strength Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 3-D.1 Yield Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 3-D.2 Ultimate Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 3-D.3 Stress Strain Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 3-D.4 Cyclic Stress Strain Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 3-D.5 Tangent Modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 3-D.6 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 3-D.7 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Annex 3-E Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 3-E.1 Young’s Modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 3-E.2 Thermal Expansion Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 3-E.3 Thermal Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 3-E.4 Thermal Diffusivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Annex 3-F Design Fatigue Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 3-F.1 Smooth Bar Design Fatigue Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 3-F.2 Welded Joint Design Fatigue Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 3-F.3 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 3-F.4 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 3-F.5 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Part 4 Design by Rule Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 4.1 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 4.1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 4.1.2 Minimum Thickness Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 4.1.3 Material Thickness Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 4.1.4 Corrosion Allowance in Design Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 4.1.5 Design Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 4.1.6 Design Allowable Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 4.1.7 Materials in Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 4.1.8 Combination Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 4.1.9 Cladding and Weld Overlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 4.1.10 Internal Linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 4.1.11 Flanges and Pipe Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 4.1.12 Vessels in Elevated Temperature Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 4.1.13 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 4.1.14 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 4.2 Design Rules for Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 4.2.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 4.2.2 Weld Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 4.2.3 Weld Joint Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 4.2.4 Weld Joint Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 4.2.5 Types of Joints Permitted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 4.2.6 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 4.2.7 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 4.2.8 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 4.3 Design Rules for Shells Under Internal Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 4.3.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 4.3.2 Shell Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 4.3.3 Cylindrical Shells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 4.3.4 Conical Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 4.3.5 Spherical Shells and Hemispherical Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 4.3.6 Torispherical Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 4.3.7 Ellipsoidal Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 4.3.8 Local Thin Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 4.3.9 Drilled Holes Not Penetrating Through the Vessel Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 vii 4.3.10 Combined Loadings and Allowable Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 4.3.11 Cylindrical-to-Conical Shell Transition Junctions Without a Knuckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 4.3.12 Cylindrical-to-Conical Shell Transition Junctions With a Knuckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 4.3.13 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 4.3.14 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 4.3.15 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 4.4 Design of Shells Under External Pressure and Allowable Compressive Stresses . . . . . . . . . . 235 4.4.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 4.4.2 Design Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 4.4.3 Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 4.4.4 Shell Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 4.4.5 Cylindrical Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 4.4.6 Conical Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 4.4.7 Spherical Shell and Hemispherical Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 4.4.8 Torispherical Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 4.4.9 Ellipsoidal Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 4.4.10 Local Thin Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 4.4.11 Drilled Holes Not Penetrating Through the Vessel Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 4.4.12 Combined Loadings and Allowable Compressive Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 4.4.13 Cylindrical-to-Conical Shell Transition Junctions Without a Knuckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 4.4.14 Cylindrical-to-Conical Shell Transition Junctions With a Knuckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 4.4.15 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 4.4.16 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 4.4.17 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 4.5 Design Rules for Openings in Shells and Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 4.5.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 4.5.2 Dimensions and Shape of Nozzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 4.5.3 Method of Nozzle Attachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 4.5.4 Nozzle Neck Minimum Thickness Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 4.5.5 Radial Nozzle in a Cylindrical Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 4.5.6 Hillside Nozzle in a Cylindrical Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 4.5.7 Nozzle in a Cylindrical Shell Oriented at an Angle from the Longitudinal Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 4.5.8 Radial Nozzle in a Conical Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 4.5.9 Nozzle in a Conical Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 4.5.10 Radial Nozzle in a Spherical Shell or Formed Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 4.5.11 Hillside or Perpendicular Nozzle in a Spherical Shell or Formed Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 4.5.12 Circular Nozzles in a Flat Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 4.5.13 Spacing Requirements for Nozzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 4.5.14 Strength of Nozzle Attachment Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 4.5.15 Local Stresses in Shells, Formed Heads, and Nozzles from External Loads on Nozzles . . . . . 274 4.5.16 Inspection Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 4.5.17 Openings Subject to Axial Compression, External Pressure, and the Combination Thereof . 276 4.5.18 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 4.5.19 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 4.5.20 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 4.6 Design Rules for Flat Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 4.6.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 4.6.2 Flat Unstayed Circular Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 4.6.3 Flat Unstayed Noncircular Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 4.6.4 Integral Flat Head With a Centrally Located Opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 294 4.6.5 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 4.6.6 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 4.6.7 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 4.7 Design Rules for Spherically Dished Bolted Covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 4.7.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 4.7.2 Type A Head Thickness Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 viii 4.7.3 Type B Head Thickness Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 4.7.4 Type C Head Thickness Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 4.7.5 Type D Head Thickness Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 4.7.6 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 4.7.7 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 4.7.8 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 4.8 Design Rules for Quick-Actuating (Quick-Opening) Closures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 4.8.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 4.8.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 4.8.3 General Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 4.8.4 Specific Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 4.8.5 Alternative Designs for Manually Operated Closures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 4.8.6 Supplementary Requirements for Quick-Actuating (Quick-Opening) Closures . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 4.9 Design Rules for Braced and Stayed Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 4.9.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 4.9.2 Required Thickness of Braced and Stayed Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 4.9.3 Required Dimensions and Layout of Staybolts and Stays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 4.9.4 Requirements for Welded-in Staybolts and Welded Stays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 4.9.5 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 4.9.6 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 4.9.7 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 4.10 Design Rules for Ligaments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 4.10.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 4.10.2 Ligament Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 4.10.3 Ligament Efficiency and the Weld Joint Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 4.10.4 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 4.10.5 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 4.11 Design Rules for Jacketed Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 4.11.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 4.11.2 Design of Jacketed Shells and Jacketed Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 4.11.3 Design of Closure Member of Jacket to Vessel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 4.11.4 Design of Penetrations Through Jackets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 4.11.5 Design of Partial Jackets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 4.11.6 Design of Half-Pipe Jackets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 4.11.7 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 4.11.8 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 4.11.9 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 4.12 Design Rules for Noncircular Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 4.12.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 4.12.2 General Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 4.12.3 Requirements for Vessels With Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 4.12.4 Requirements for Vessels With Stays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 4.12.5 Requirements for Rectangular Vessels With Small Aspect Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 4.12.6 Weld Joint Factors and Ligament Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 4.12.7 Design Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 4.12.8 Noncircular Vessels Subject to External Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 4.12.9 Rectangular Vessels With Two or More Compartments of Unequal Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 4.12.10 Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 4.12.11 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 4.12.12 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 4.12.13 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 4.13 Design Rules for Layered Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 4.13.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 4.13.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 4.13.3 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 4.13.4 Design for Internal Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 ix 4.13.5 Design for External Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 4.13.6 Design of Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 4.13.7 Nozzles and Nozzle Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 4.13.8 Flat Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 4.13.9 Bolted and Studded Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 4.13.10 Attachments and Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 4.13.11 Vent Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 4.13.12 Shell Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 4.13.13 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 4.13.14 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 4.14 Evaluation of Vessels Outside of Tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 4.14.1 Shell Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 4.14.2 Local Thin Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 4.14.3 Marking and Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 4.14.4 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 4.15 Design Rules for Supports and Attachments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 4.15.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 4.15.2 Design of Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 4.15.3 Saddle Supports for Horizontal Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 4.15.4 Skirt Supports for Vertical Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 4.15.5 Lug and Leg Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 4.15.6 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 4.15.7 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 4.15.8 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 4.16 Design Rules for Flanged Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 4.16.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 4.16.2 Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 4.16.3 Flange Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 4.16.4 Flange Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 4.16.5 Gasket Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 4.16.6 Design Bolt Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 4.16.7 Flange Design Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 4.16.8 Split Loose Type Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 4.16.9 Noncircular Shaped Flanges With a Circular Bore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 4.16.10 Flanges With Nut Stops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 4.16.11 Joint Assembly Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 4.16.12 Evaluation of External Forces and Moments for Flanged Joints With Standard Flanges . . . . 423 4.16.13 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 4.16.14 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 4.16.15 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 4.17 Design Rules for Clamped Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 4.17.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 4.17.2 Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 4.17.3 Flange Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 4.17.4 Design Bolt Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 4.17.5 Flange and Clamp Design Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 4.17.6 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 4.17.7 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 4.17.8 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 4.18 Design Rules for Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 4.18.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 4.18.2 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 4.18.3 General Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 4.18.4 General Conditions of Applicability for Tubesheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 4.18.5 Tubesheet Flanged Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 4.18.6 Tubesheet Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 x 4.18.7 Rules for the Design of U-Tube Tubesheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 4.18.8 Rules for the Design of Fixed Tubesheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 4.18.9 Rules for the Design of Floating Tubesheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 4.18.11 Bellows Expansion Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 4.18.12 Flexible Shell Element Expansion Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 4.18.13 Pressure Test Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 4.18.14 Heat Exchanger Marking and Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 4.18.15 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 4.18.16 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 4.18.17 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 4.19 Design Rules for Bellows Expansion Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 4.19.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 4.19.2 Conditions of Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 4.19.3 Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 4.19.4 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 4.19.5 Design of U-Shaped Unreinforced Bellows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 4.19.6 Design of U-Shaped Reinforced Bellows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 4.19.7 Design of Toroidal Bellows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 4.19.8 Bellows Subjected to Axial, Lateral, or Angular Displacements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 4.19.9 Pressure Test Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 4.19.10 Marking and Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 4.19.11 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 4.19.12 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 4.19.13 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 4.19.14 Specification Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 4.20 Design Rules for Flexible Shell Element Expansion Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548 4.20.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548 4.20.2 Conditions of Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548 4.20.3 Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548 4.20.4 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548 4.20.5 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548 4.20.6 Marking and Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 4.20.7 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 4.20.8 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 4.21 Tube-to-Tubesheet Joint Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 4.21.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 4.21.2 Joint Strength by Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 4.21.3 Joint Strength Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 4.21.4 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 4.21.5 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 4.21.6 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 Annex 4-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 Annex 4-B Guide for the Design and Operation of Quick-Actuating (Quick-Opening) Closures . . . 564 4-B.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 4-B.2 Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 4-B.3 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 4-B.4 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 4-B.5 Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 4-B.6 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566 4-B.7 Administrative Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566 Annex 4-D Guidance to Accommodate Loadings Produced by Deflagration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 4-D.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 4-D.2 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 4-D.3 Design Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 4-D.4 Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 xi 4-D.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 Annex 4-E Tube Expanding Procedures and Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 4-E.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 4-E.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 4-E.3 Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 4-E.4 Tube Expanding Procedure Specification (TEPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 4-E.5 Tube Expanding Procedure Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 4-E.6 Tube Expanding Performance Qualification (TEPQ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 4-E.7 Tube Expanding Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 Part 5 Design by Analysis Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 5.1 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 5.1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 5.1.2 Numerical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 5.1.3 Loading Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 5.2 Protection Against Plastic Collapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 5.2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 5.2.2 Elastic Stress Analysis Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582 5.2.3 Limit-Load Analysis Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584 5.2.4 Elastic–Plastic Stress Analysis Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 5.3 Protection Against Local Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 5.3.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 5.3.2 Elastic Analysis — Triaxial Stress Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 5.3.3 Elastic–Plastic Analysis — Local Strain Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 5.4 Protection Against Collapse From Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 5.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 5.4.2 Buckling Analysis — Method A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 5.4.3 Buckling Analysis — Method B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 5.5 Protection Against Failure From Cyclic Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 5.5.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 5.5.2 Screening Criteria for Fatigue Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 5.5.3 Fatigue Assessment — Elastic Stress Analysis and Equivalent Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 5.5.4 Fatigue Assessment — Elastic–Plastic Stress Analysis and Equivalent Strains . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 5.5.5 Fatigue Assessment of Welds — Elastic Analysis and Structural Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 5.5.6 Ratcheting Assessment — Elastic Stress Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 5.5.7 Ratcheting Assessment — Elastic–Plastic Stress Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 5.6 Supplemental Requirements for Stress Classification in Nozzle Necks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 5.7 Supplemental Requirements for Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 5.7.1 Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 5.7.2 Service Stress Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 5.7.3 Fatigue Assessment of Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 5.8 Supplemental Requirements for Perforated Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 5.9 Supplemental Requirements for Layered Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 5.10 Experimental Stress Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602 5.11 Fracture Mechanics Evaluations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602 5.12 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602 5.13 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604 5.14 Tables . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609 5.15 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 Annex 5-A Linearization of Stress Results for Stress Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622 5-A.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622 5-A.2 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622 5-A.3 Selection of Stress Classification Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622 5-A.4 Stress Integration Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 5-A.5 Structural Stress Method Based on Nodal Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624 5-A.6 Structural Stress Method Based on Stress Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 xii 5-A.7 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 5-A.8 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627 5-A.9 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 Annex 5-B Histogram Development and Cycle Counting for Fatigue Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 5-B.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 5-B.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 5-B.3 Histogram Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 5-B.4 Cycle Counting Using the Rainflow Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 5-B.5 Cycle Counting Using Max–Min Cycle Counting Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 5-B.6 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642 Annex 5-C Alternative Plasticity Adjustment Factors and Effective Alternating Stress for Elastic Fatigue Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 5-C.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 5-C.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 5-C.3 Effective Alternating Stress for Elastic Fatigue Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 5-C.4 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646 Annex 5-D Stress Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648 5-D.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648 5-D.2 Stress Indices for Radial Nozzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648 5-D.3 Stress Indices for Laterals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 5-D.4 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 5-D.5 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 5-D.6 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652 Annex 5-E Design Methods for Perforated Plates Based on Elastic Stress Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655 5-E.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655 5-E.2 Stress Analysis of the Equivalent Solid Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655 5-E.3 Stiffness Effects of the Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656 5-E.4 Effective Material Properties for the Equivalent Solid Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656 5-E.5 Pressure Effects in Tubesheet Perforations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657 5-E.6 Protection Against Plastic Collapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657 5-E.7 Protection Against Cyclic Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658 5-E.8 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660 5-E.9 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663 5-E.10 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 Annex 5-F Experimental Stress and Fatigue Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688 5-F.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688 5-F.2 Strain Measurement Test Procedure for Stress Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688 5-F.3 Protection Against Cyclic Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 5-F.4 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 5-F.5 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693 Part 6 Fabrication Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695 6.1 General Fabrication Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695 6.1.1 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695 6.1.2 Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696 6.1.3 Base Metal Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698 6.1.4 Fitting and Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698 6.1.5 Cleaning of Surfaces to BeWelded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 6.1.6 Alignment Tolerances for Edges to Be Butt Welded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 6.2 Welding Fabrication Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700 6.2.1 Welding Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700 6.2.2 Welding Qualifications and Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700 6.2.3 Precautions to Be Taken Before Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702 6.2.4 Specific Requirements for Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702 xiii 6.2.5 Miscellaneous Welding Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 6.2.6 Summary of Joints Permitted and Their Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 6.2.7 Repair of Weld Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 6.2.8 Special Requirements for Welding Test Plates for Titanium Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 6.3 Special Requirements for Tube-to-Tubesheet Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 6.3.1 Material Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 6.3.2 Holes in Tubesheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 6.3.3 Weld Design and Joint Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 6.3.4 Qualification of Welding Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 6.4 Preheating and Heat Treatment of Weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 6.4.1 Requirements for Preheating of Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 6.4.2 Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 6.4.3 Procedures for Postweld Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708 6.4.4 Operation of Postweld Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709 6.4.5 Postweld Heat Treatment After Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709 6.4.6 Postweld Heat Treatment of Nonferrous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 6.5 Special Requirements for Clad or Weld Overlay Linings, and Lined Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 6.5.1 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 6.5.2 Joints in Corrosion Resistant Clad or Weld Metal Overlay Linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712 6.5.3 Welding Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712 6.5.4 Methods to Be Used in Attaching Applied Linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712 6.5.5 Postweld Heat Treatment of Clad and Lined Weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712 6.5.6 Requirements for Base Material With Corrosion Resistant Integral or Weld Metal Overlay Cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712 6.5.7 Examination Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712 6.5.8 Inspection and Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712 6.5.9 Stamping and Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713 6.6 Special Requirements for Tensile Property Enhanced Q&T Ferritic Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713 6.6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713 6.6.2 Marking on Plates and Other Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713 6.6.3 Requirements for Heat Treating After Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713 6.6.4 Minimum Thickness after Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713 6.6.5 Welding Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713 6.6.6 Postweld Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715 6.6.7 Heat Treatment Certification Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 6.6.8 Examination Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 6.6.9 Inspection and Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 6.6.10 Stamping and Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717 6.7 Special Requirements for Forged Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717 6.7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717 6.7.2 Ultrasonic Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717 6.7.3 Toughness Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717 6.7.4 Tolerances on Cylindrical Forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717 6.7.5 Methods of Forming Forged Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718 6.7.6 Heat Treatment Requirements for Forged Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718 6.7.7 Welding for Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719 6.7.8 Repair of Defects in Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719 6.7.9 Threaded Connections to Vessel Walls, Forged Necks, and Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720 6.7.10 Inspection, Examination, and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720 6.7.11 Stamping and Reports for Forged Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721 6.7.12 Overpressure Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721 6.8 Special Fabrication Requirements for Layered Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 721 6.8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721 6.8.2 General Fabrication Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721 6.8.3 Welding Fabrication Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721 6.8.4 Welding Qualification and Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721 xiv 6.8.5 Specific Requirements for Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 6.8.6 Nondestructive Examination of Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 6.8.7 Welded Joint Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 6.8.8 Contact between Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 6.8.9 Vent Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 6.8.10 Heat Treatment of Weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723 6.9 Special Fabrication Requirements for Expansion Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723 6.9.1 Bellows Expansion Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723 6.9.2 Flexible Shell Element Expansion Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723 6.10 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 6.11 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725 6.12 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 Annex 6-A Positive Material Identification Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751 Part 7 Inspection and Examination Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 7.2 Responsibilities and Duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 7.2.1 Responsibilities and Duties of the Manufacturer and Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 7.2.2 Access for Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 7.2.3 Notification of Work Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 7.3 Qualification of Nondestructive Examination Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 7.4 Examination of Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 7.4.1 Nondestructive Examination Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 7.4.2 Examination Groups for Pressure Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 7.4.3 Extent of Nondestructive Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760 7.4.4 Selection of Examination Method for Internal (Volumetric) Flaws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761 7.4.5 Selection of Examination Method for Surface Flaws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761 7.4.6 Surface Condition and Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761 7.4.7 Supplemental Examination for Cyclic Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761 7.4.8 Examination and Inspection of Vessels With Protective Linings and Cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . 761 7.4.9 Examination and Inspection of Tensile Property Enhanced Q&T Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762 7.4.10 Examination and Inspection of Integrally Forged Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762 7.4.11 Examination and Inspection of Fabricated Layered Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 7.4.12 Examination and Inspection of Expansion Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 7.5 Examination Method and Acceptance Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 7.5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 7.5.2 Visual Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 7.5.3 Radiographic Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766 7.5.4 Ultrasonic Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 7.5.5 Ultrasonic Examination Used in Lieu of Radiographic Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 7.5.6 Magnetic Particle Examination (MT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 7.5.7 Liquid Penetrant Examination (PT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 7.5.8 Eddy Current Surface Examination Procedure Requirements (ET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770 7.5.9 Evaluation and Retest for Partial Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 7.6 Final Examination of Vessel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 7.6.1 Surface Examination after Hydrotest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 7.6.2 Inspection of Lined Vessel Interior after Hydrotest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 7.7 Leak Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 7.8 Acoustic Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 7.9 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 7.10 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 Annex 7-A Responsibilities and Duties for Inspection and Examination Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 7-A.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 7-A.2 Manufacturer’s Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 7-A.3 Inspector’s Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 7-A.4 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804 xv Part 8 Pressure Testing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 8.1 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 8.1.1 Selection of Pressure Test Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 8.1.2 Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 8.1.3 Requirements for Vessels of Specific Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808 8.1.4 Pressure Gages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 8.1.5 Test Gaskets and Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 8.2 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 8.2.1 Test Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 8.2.2 Preparation for Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810 8.2.3 Test Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810 8.2.4 Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810 8.2.5 Test Inspection and Acceptance Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810 8.3 Alternative Pressure Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 8.3.1 Hydrostatic–Pneumatic Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 8.3.2 Leak Tightness Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 8.4 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 8.5 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 Part 9 Pressure Vessel Overpressure Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812 9.1 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812 9.2 Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812 9.3 Determination of Pressure-Relieving Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812 9.4 Overpressure Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813 9.5 Permitted Pressure Relief Devices and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814 9.6 Pressure Settings and Performance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815 9.7 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815 Annex 9-A Best Practices for the Installation and Operation of Pressure Relief Devices . . . . . . . . 817 9-A.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817 9-A.2 Provisions for the Installation of Stop Valves in the Relief Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817 9-A.3 Inlet Piping Pressure Drop for Pressure Relief Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817 9-A.4 Discharge Lines from Pressure Relief Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817 9-A.5 Cautions Regarding Pressure Relief Device Discharge into a Common Header . . . . . . . . . . . . 818 9-A.6 Pressure Differentials (Operating Margin) for Pressure Relief Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818 9-A.7 Pressure Relief Valve Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819 9-A.8 Reaction Forces and Externally Applied Piping Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819 9-A.9 Sizing of Pressure Relief Devices for Fire Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819 9-A.10 Use of Pressure-Indicating Devices to Monitor Pressure Differential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820 Annex 9-B Guide to the Relocation of Overpressure Protection Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 FIGURES 2-F.1 Form of Stamping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.1 Cr–Mo Heat Treatment Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 3.2 Typical Locations for Tensile Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 3.3 Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Requirements for Full-Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels as a Function of the Minimum Specified Yield Strength — Welded Parts Not Subject to PWHT 100 3.3M Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Requirements for Full-Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels as a Function of the Minimum Specified Yield Strength — Welded Parts Not Subject to PWHT 101 3.4 Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Requirements for Full-Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels as a Function of the Minimum Specified Yield Strength — Welded Parts Subject to PWHT or Nonwelded Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 3.4M Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Requirements for Full-Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels as a Function of the Minimum Specified Yield Strength — Welded Parts Subject to PWHT or Nonwelded Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 3.5 Illustration of Lateral Expansion in a Broken Charpy V-Notch Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 3.6 Lateral Expansion Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 xvi 3.6M Lateral Expansion Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 3.7 Impact Test Exemption Curves — Welded Parts Not Subject to PWHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 3.7M Impact Test Exemption Curves — Welded Parts Not Subject to PWHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 3.8 Impact Test Exemption Curves — Welded Parts Subject to PWHT and Nonwelded Parts . . . . . . . 110 3.8M Impact Test Exemption Curves — Welded Parts Subject to PWHT and Nonwelded Parts . . . . . . . 112 3.9 Typical Vessel Details Illustrating the Governing Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 3.10 Typical Vessel Details Illustratingthe Governing Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 3.11 Typical Vessel Details Illustrating the Governing Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 3.12 Reduction in the MDMT Without Impact Testing — Parts Not Subject to PWHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 3.12M Reduction in the MDMT Without Impact Testing — Parts Not Subject to PWHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 3.13 Reduction in the MDMT Without Impact Testing — Parts Subject to PWHT and Nonwelded Parts 119 3.13M Reduction in the MDMT Without Impact Testing — Parts Subject to PWHT and Nonwelded Parts 120 3.14 Orientation and Location of Transverse Charpy V-Notch Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 3.15 Weld Metal Delta Ferrite Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 3.16 HAZ Impact Specimen Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 3.17 Location of HAZ Specimen Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 3-F.1 Fatigue Curve for Carbon, Low Alloy, Series 4XX High Alloy, and High Tensile Strength Steels for Temperatures Not Exceeding 700°F — σu t s ≤ 80 ksi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 3-F.1M Fatigue Curve for Carbon, Low Alloy, Series 4XX High Alloy, and High Tensile Strength Steels for Temperatures Not Exceeding 371°C — σu t s ≤ 552 MPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 3-F.2 Fatigue Curve for Carbon, Low Alloy, Series 4XX High Alloy, and High Tensile Strength Steels for Temperatures Not Exceeding 700°F — σu t s = 115 ksi to 130 ksi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 3-F.2M Fatigue Curve for Carbon, Low Alloy, Series 4XX High Alloy, and High Tensile Strength Steels for Temperatures Not Exceeding 371°C — σu t s = 793 MPa to 892 MPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 3-F.3 Fatigue Curve for Series 3XX High Alloy Steels, Austenitic-Ferritic Duplex Stainless Steels, Nickel– Chromium–Iron Alloy, Nickel–Iron–Chromium Alloy, and Nickel–Copper Alloy for Temperatures Not Exceeding 800°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 3-F.3M Fatigue Curve for Series 3XX High Alloy Steels, Austenitic-Ferritic Duplex Stainless Steels, Nickel– Chromium–Iron Alloy, Nickel–Iron–Chromium Alloy, and Nickel–Copper Alloy for Temperatures Not Exceeding 427°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 3-F.4 Fatigue Curve for Wrought 70–30 Copper–Nickel for Temperatures Not Exceeding 700°F — σy s ≤ 18 ksi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 3-F.4M Fatigue Curve for Wrought 70–30 Copper–Nickel for Temperatures Not Exceeding 371°C — σy s ≤ 134 MPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 3-F.5 Fatigue Curve for Wrought 70–30 Copper–Nickel for Temperatures Not Exceeding 700°F — σy s = 30 ksi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 3-F.5M Fatigue Curve for Wrought 70–30 Copper–Nickel for Temperatures Not Exceeding 371°C — σy s = 207 MPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 3-F.6 Fatigue Curve for Wrought 70–30 Copper–Nickel for Temperatures Not Exceeding 700°F — σy s = 45 ksi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 3-F.6M Fatigue Curve for Wrought 70–30 Copper–Nickel for Temperatures Not Exceeding 371°C — σy s = 310 MPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 3-F.7 Fatigue Curve for Nickel–Chromium–Molybdenum–Iron Alloys X, G, C-4, and C-276 for Tempera- tures Not Exceeding 800°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 3-F.7M Fatigue Curve for Nickel–Chromium–Molybdenum–Iron Alloys X, G, C-4, and C-276 for Tempera- tures Not Exceeding 427°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 3-F.8 Fatigue Curve for High Strength Bolting for Temperatures Not Exceeding 700°F — Maximum Nominal Stress ≤ 2.7SM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 3-F.8M Fatigue Curve for High Strength Bolting for Temperatures Not Exceeding 371°C — Maximum Nominal Stress ≤ 2.7SM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 3-F.9 Fatigue Curve for High Strength Bolting for Temperatures Not Exceeding 700°F — Maximum Nominal Stress > 2.7SM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 3-F.9M Fatigue Curve for High Strength Bolting for Temperatures Not Exceeding 371°C — Maximum Nominal Stress > 2.7SM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 4.2.1 Weld Joint Locations Typical of Categories A, B, C, D, E, and F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 4.2.2 Some Bracket, Lug, and Stiffener Attachment Weld Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 xvii 4.2.3 Some Acceptable Methods of Attaching Stiffening Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 4.2.4 Some Acceptable Skirt Weld Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 4.3.1 Conical Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 4.3.2 Offset Transition Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 4.3.3 Torispherical Head of Uniform Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 4.3.4 Torispherical Head of Different Thickness of Dome and Knuckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 4.3.5 Ellipsoidal Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 4.3.6 Local Thin Band in a Cylindrical Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 4.3.7 Shells Subjected to Supplemental Loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 4.3.8 Conical Transition Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 4.3.9 Reinforcement Requirements for Conical Transition Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 4.3.10 Parameters for Knuckle and Flare Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 4.4.1 Lines of Support or Unsupported Length for Typical Vessel Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 4.4.2 Lines of Support or Unsupported Length for Unstiffened andStiffened Cylindrical Shells . . . . . . . 253 4.4.3 Stiffener Ring Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 4.4.4 Various Arrangements of Stiffening Rings for Cylindrical Vessels Subjected to External Pressure 255 4.4.5 Maximum Arc of Shell Left Unsupported Because of a Gap in the Stiffening Ring of a Cylindrical Shell Under External Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 4.4.6 Lines of Support or Unsupported Length for Unstiffened and Stiffened Conical Shells . . . . . . . . . . 257 4.4.7 Lines of Support or Unsupported Length for Unstiffened and Stiffened Conical Shell Transitions With or Without a Knuckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 4.5.1 Nomenclature for Reinforced Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 4.5.2 Nomenclature for Variable Thickness Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 4.5.3 Radial Nozzle in a Cylindrical Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 4.5.4 Hillside Nozzle in a Cylindrical Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 4.5.5 Nozzle in a Cylindrical Shell Oriented at an Angle From the Longitudinal Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 4.5.6 Radial Nozzle in a Conical Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 4.5.7 Nozzle in a Conical Shell Oriented Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 4.5.8 Nozzle in a Conical Shell Oriented Parallel to the Longitudinal Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 4.5.9 Radial Nozzle in a Formed Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 4.5.10 Hillside or Perpendicular Nozzle in a Spherical Shell or Formed Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 4.5.11 Example of Two Adjacent Nozzle Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 4.5.12 Example of Three Adjacent Nozzle Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 4.5.13 Metal Area Definition for A2 With Variable Thickness of Set-in Nozzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 4.5.14 Metal Area Definition for A2 With Variable Thickness of Set-on Nozzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 4.6.1 Integral Flat Head With a Large Central Opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 4.7.1 Type A Dished Cover With a Bolting Flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 4.7.2 Type B Spherically Dished Cover With a Bolting Flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 4.7.3 Type C Spherically Dished Cover With a Bolting Flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 4.7.4 Type D Spherically Dished Cover With a Bolting Flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 4.7.5 Type D Head Geometry for Alternative Design Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 4.9.1 Typical Forms of Welded Staybolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 4.10.1 Example of Tube Spacing With the Pitch of Holes Equal in Every Row . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 4.10.2 Example of Tube Spacing With the Pitch of Holes Unequal in Every Second Row . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 4.10.3 Example of Tube Spacing With the Pitch of Holes Varying in Every Second and Third Row . . . . . 317 4.10.4 Example of Tube Spacing With the Tube Holes on Diagonal Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 4.10.5 Diagram for Determining the Efficiency of Longitudinal and Diagonal Ligaments Between Openings in Cylindrical Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 4.10.6 Diagram for Determining the Equivalent Efficiency of Diagonal Ligaments Between Openings in Cylindrical Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 4.11.1 Types of Jacketed Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 4.11.2 Types of Partial Jackets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 4.11.3 Half Pipe Jackets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 4.12.1 Type 1 Noncircular Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 4.12.2 Type 2 Noncircular Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 4.12.3 Type 3 Noncircular Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 xviii 4.12.4 Type 4 Noncircular Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 4.12.5 Type 5 Noncircular Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 4.12.6 Type 6 Noncircular Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 4.12.7 Type 6 Noncircular Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 4.12.8 Type 7 Noncircular Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 4.12.9 Type 8 Noncircular Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 4.12.10 Type 9 Noncircular Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 4.12.11 Type 10 Noncircular Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 4.12.12 Type 11 Noncircular Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 4.12.13 Type 12 Noncircular Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 4.12.14 Multi-Diameter Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 4.12.15 Rectangular Vessels With Multiple Compartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 4.13.1 Some Acceptable Layered Shell Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 4.13.2 Some Acceptable Layered Head Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 4.13.3 Transitions of Layered Shell Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 390 4.13.4 Some Acceptable Welded Joints of Layered-to-Layered and Layered-to-Solid Sections . . . . . . . . . . 391 4.13.5 Some Acceptable Solid Head Attachments to Layered Shell Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 4.13.6 Some Acceptable Flat Heads and Tubesheets With Hubs Joining Layered Shell Sections . . . . . . . . 395 4.13.7 Some Acceptable Flanges for Layered Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 4.13.8 Some Acceptable Layered Head Attachments to Layered Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 4.13.9 Some Acceptable Nozzle Attachments to Layered Shell Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 4.13.10 Some Acceptable Supports for Layered Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 4.13.11 Gap Between Vessel Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 4.14.1 LTA Blend Radius Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 4.15.1 Horizontal Vessel on Saddle Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 4.15.2 Cylindrical Shell Without Stiffening Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 4.15.3 Cylindrical Shell With Stiffening Rings in the Plane of the Saddle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 4.15.4 Cylindrical Shell With Stiffening Rings on Both Sides of the Saddle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 4.15.5 Locations of Maximum Longitudinal Normal Stress and Shear Stress in the Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . 415 4.15.6 Locations of Maximum Circumferential Normal Stresses in the Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 4.15.7 Skirt Attachment Location on Vertical Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 4.15.8 A Typical Hot-Box Arrangement for Skirt Supported Vertical Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 4.16.1 Integral Type Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 4.16.2 Integral Type Flanges With a Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 4.16.3 Integral Type Flanges With Nut Stops — Diameter Less Than or Equal to 450 mm (18 in.) . . . . . 439 4.16.4 Integral Type Flanges With Nut Stops — Diameter Greater Than 450 mm (18 in.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 4.16.5 Loose Type Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 4.16.6 Loose-Type Lap Joint Type Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 4.16.7 Reverse Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 4.16.8 Location of Gasket Reaction Load Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 4.17.1 Typical Hub and Clamp Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 4.17.2 Typical Clamp Lugs Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 4.18.1 Terminology of Heat Exchanger Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 4.18.2 Tubesheet Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 4.18.3 Typical Untubed Lane Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 4.18.4 U-Tube Tubesheet Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 4.18.5 Fixed Tubesheet Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 4.18.6 Zd , Zv , Zw , and Zm Versus Xa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 4.18.7 Fm Versus Xa (0.0 ≤ Q3 ≤ 0.8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 4.18.8 Fm Versus Xa (−0.8 ≤ Q3 ≤ 0.0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 4.18.9 Different Shell Thickness and/or Material Adjacent to the Tubesheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 4.18.10 Floating Tubesheet Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 4.18.11 Stationary Tubesheet Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 4.18.12 Floating Tubesheet Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 4.18.14 Tube Layout Perimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 4.18.15 Integral Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 xix 4.18.16 Some Representative Configurations Describing the Minimum Required Thickness of the Tubesheet Flanged Extension, hr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 4.18.17 Kettle Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 4.18.18 Location of Tubesheet Metal Temperature, T ʹ , at the Rim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 4.18.19 Nozzles Adjacent to Tubesheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 4.19.1 Typical Bellows Expansion Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 4.19.2 Starting Points for the Measurement of the Length of Shell on Each Side of Bellows . . . . . . . . . . . 536 4.19.3 Possible Convolution Profile in Neutral Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 4.19.4 Dimensions to Determine I xx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 4.19.5 Bellows Subjected to an Axial Displacement x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 4.19.6 Bellows Subjected to a Lateral Deflection y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 4.19.7 Bellows Subjected to an Angular Rotation θ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 4.19.8 Cyclic Displacements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 4.19.9 Cyclic Displacements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 4.19.10 Cyclic Displacements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 541 4.19.11 Some Typical Expansion Bellows Attachment Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 4.19.12 Cp Versus C1 and C2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 4.19.13 Cf Versus C1 and C2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 4.19.14 Cd Versus C1 and C2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 4.20.1 Typical Flexible Shell Element Expansion Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 4.20.2 Typical Nozzle Attachment Details Showing Minimum Length of Straight Flange or Outer Shell Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 4.21.1 Tube-to-Tubesheet Joints Acceptable to Determine Joint Strength by Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 4.21.2 Some Acceptable Types of Tube-to-Tubesheet Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 4.21.3 Typical Test Fixtures for Expanded or Welded Tube-to-Tubesheet Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 5.1 Stress Categories and Limits of Equivalent Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 5.2 Example of Girth Weld Used to Tie Layers for Solid Wall Equivalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620 5.3 Example of Circumferential Butt Weld Attachment Between Layered Sections in Zone of Discontinuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620 5.4 An Example of Circle Weld Used to Tie Layers for Solid Wall Equivalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621 5-A.1 Stress Classification Line (SCL) and Stress Classification Plane (SCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 5-A.2 Stress Classification Lines (SCLs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630 5-A.3 Stress Classification Line Orientation and Validity Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 5-A.4 Computation of Membrane and Bending Equivalent Stresses by the Stress Integration Method Using the Results From a Finite Element Model With Continuum Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632 5-A.5 Continuum Finite Element Model Stress Classification Line for the Structural Stress Method . . . . 633 5-A.6 Computation of Membrane and Bending Equivalent Stresses by the Structural Stress Method Using Nodal Force Results From a Finite Element Model With Continuum Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 5-A.7 Processing Nodal Force Results With the Structural Stress Method Using the Results From a Finite Element Model With Three-Dimensional Second Order Continuum Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635 5-A.8 Processing Structural Stress Method Results for a Symmetric Structural Stress Range . . . . . . . . . . 636 5-A.9 Computation of Membrane and Bending Equivalent Stresses by the Structural Stress Method Using the Results From a Finite Element Model With Shell Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 5-A.10 Processing Nodal Force Results With the Structural Stress Method Using the Results From a Finite Element Model With Three-Dimensional Second Order Shell Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 5-A.11 Element Sets for Processing Finite Element Nodal Stress Results With the Structural Stress Method Based on Stress Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 5-D.1 Direction of Stress Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652 5-D.2 Nozzle Nomenclature and Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653 5-D.3 Nomenclature and Loading for Laterals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654 5-E.1 Perforated Plate Geometry Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 5-E.2 Perforated Plate Geometry Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684 5-E.3 Boundary Conditions for Numerical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685 5-E.4 Stress Orientations for Perforated Plate With Triangular Pattern Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 5-E.5 Stress Orientations for Perforated Plate With Square Pattern Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 5-F.1 Construction of the Testing Parameter Ratio Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693 xx 5-F.2 Construction of the Testing Parameter Ratio Diagram for Accelerated Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694 6.1 Peaking Height at a Category A Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 6.2 Weld Toe Dressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 6.3 Forged Bottle Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747 6.4 Solid-to-Layer and Layer-to-Layer Test Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748 6.5 Tensile Specimens for Layered Vessel Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749 6.6 Toroidal Bellows Manufacturing Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750 7.1 Examination of Layered Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 7.2 Examination of Layered Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 7.3 Aligned Rounded Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 7.4 Groups of Aligned Rounded Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 7.5 Charts for 3 mm (1/8 in.) to 6 mm ( 1/4 in.) Wall Thickness, Inclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787 7.6 Charts for Over 6 mm (1/4 in.) to 10 mm ( 3/8 in.) Wall Thickness, Inclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787 7.7 Charts for Over 10 mm (3/8 in.) to 19 mm ( 3/4 in.) Wall Thickness, Inclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788 7.8 Charts for Over 19 mm (3/4 in.) to 50 mm (2 in.) Wall Thickness, Inclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 7.9 Charts for Over 50 mm (2 in.) to 100 mm (4 in.) Wall Thickness, Inclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 7.10 Charts for Over 100 mm (4 in.) Wall Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791 7.11 Flaw Classification of Single Indication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792 7.12 Surface Flaw Acceptance Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793 7.13 Subsurface Flaw Acceptance Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7957.14 Multiple Planar Flaws Oriented in a Plane Normal to the Pressure-Retaining Surface . . . . . . . . . . 797 7.15 Surface and Subsurface Flaws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798 7.16 Nonaligned Coplanar Flaws in a Plane Normal to the Pressure-Retaining Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 7.17 Multiple Aligned Planar Flaws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 7.18 Dimension a for Partial Penetration and Fillet Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 7.19 Dimensions a and d for a Partial Penetration Corner Weld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 TABLES 1.1 Year of Acceptable Edition of Referenced Standards in This Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2 Standard Units for Use in Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1-C.1 Typical Size or Thickness Conversions for Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1-C.2 Typical Size or Thickness Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1-C.3 Typical Size or Length Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1-C.4 Typical Nominal Pipe Size Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1-C.5 Typical Area Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1-C.6 Typical Volume Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1-C.7 Typical Pressure Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1-C.8 Typical Strength Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1-C.9 Typical Temperature Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1-C.10 Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2-A.1 Typical Certification of Compliance of the User’s Design Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2-B.1 Typical Certification of Compliance of the Manufacturer’s Design Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2-D.1 Instructions for the Preparation of Manufacturer’s Data Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2-D.2 Supplementary Instructions for the Preparation of Manufacturer’s Data Reports for Layered Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2-J.1 Design Activities Requiring a Certifying Engineer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.1 Material Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 3.2 Composition Requirements for 2.25Cr–1Mo–0.25V Weld Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 3.3 Toughness Requirements for 2.25Cr–1Mo Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 3.4 Low Alloy Bolting Materials for Use With Flanges Designed to 4.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 3.5 High Alloy Bolting Materials for Use With Flanges Designed to 4.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 3.6 Aluminum Alloy, Copper, and Copper Alloy Bolting Materials for Use With Flanges Designed to 4.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 3.7 Nickel and Nickel Alloy Bolting Materials for Use With Flanges Designed to 4.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 3.8 Bolting Materials for Use With Flanges Designed to Part 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 3.9 Maximum Severity Levels for Castings With a Thickness of Less Than 50 mm (2 in.) . . . . . . . . 92 xxi 3.10 Maximum Severity Levels for Castings With a Thickness of 50 mm to 305 mm (2 in. to 12 in.) 93 3.11 Charpy Impact Test Temperature Reduction Below the Minimum Design Metal Temperature . 93 3.12 Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Requirements for Full-Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels as a Function of the Minimum Specified Yield Strength — Welded Parts Not Subject to PWHT (See Figures 3.3 and 3.3M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 3.13 Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Requirements for Full-Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels as a Function of the Minimum Specified Yield Strength—Welded Parts Subject to PWHT or Nonwelded Parts (See Figures 3.4 and 3.4M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 3.14 Impact Test Exemption Curves — Parts Not Subject to PWHT (See Figures 3.7 and 3.7M) . . . . 95 3.15 Impact Test Exemption Curves — Parts Subject to PWHT and Nonwelded Parts (See Figures 3.8 and 3.8M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 3.16 Reduction in the MDMT, TR , Without Impact Testing — Parts Not Subject to PWHT (See Figures 3.12 and 3.12M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 3.17 Reduction in the MDMT, TR , Without Impact Testing — Parts Subject to PWHT and Nonwelded Parts (See Figures 3.13 and 3.13M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 3.18 Required HAZ Impact Test Specimen Set Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 3-A.1 Carbon Steel and Low Alloy Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 3-A.2 Quenched and Tempered High Strength Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 3-A.3 High Alloy Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 3-A.4 Aluminum Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 3-A.5 Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 3-A.6 Nickel and Nickel Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 3-A.7 Titanium and Titanium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 3-A.8 Ferrous Bolting Materials for Design in Accordance With Part 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 3-A.9 Aluminum Alloy and Copper Alloy Bolting Materials for Design in Accordance With Part 4 . . . 144 3-A.10 Nickel and Nickel Alloy Bolting Materials for Design in Accordance With Part 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 3-A.11 Bolting Materials for Design in Accordance With Part 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 3-D.1 Stress–Strain Curve Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 3-D.2 Cyclic Stress–Strain Curve Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 3-D.2M Cyclic Stress–Strain Curve Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 3-F.1 Smooth Bar Fatigue Curve Stress Amplitude Correction Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 3-F.2 Coefficients for the Welded Joint Fatigue Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 3-F.2M Coefficients for the Welded Joint Fatigue Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 4.1.1 Design Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 4.1.2 Design Load Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 4.1.3 Load Factor, β , and Pressure Test Factors, βT , γmin , and γS t /S , for Class 1 and Class 2 Con- struction and Hydrostatic or Pneumatic Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 4.2.1 Definition of Weld Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 4.2.2 Definition of Weld Joint Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 4.2.3 Definition of Material Types for Welding and Fabrication Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 4.2.4 Some Acceptable Weld Joints for Shell Seams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 4.2.5 Some Acceptable Weld Joints for Formed Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 4.2.6 Some Acceptable Weld Joints for Unstayed Flat Heads, Tubesheets Without a Bolting Flange, and Side Plates of Rectangular Pressure Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 4.2.7 Some Acceptable Weld Joints With Butt Weld Hubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 4.2.8 Some Acceptable Weld Joints for Attachment of Tubesheets With a Bolting Flange . . . . . . . . . . 190 4.2.9 Some Acceptable Weld Joints for Flange Attachments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 4.2.10 Some Acceptable Full Penetration Welded Nozzle Attachments Not Readily Radiographable . . 193 4.2.11 Some Acceptable Pad Welded Nozzle Attachments and Other Connections to Shells . . . . . . . . . 195 4.2.12 Some Acceptable Fitting-Type Welded Nozzle Attachments and Other Connections to Shells . . 197 4.2.13 Some Acceptable Welded Nozzle Attachments That Are Readily Radiographable . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 4.2.14 Some Acceptable Partial Penetration Nozzle Attachments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 4.2.15 Nozzle Necks Attached to Piping of Lesser Wall Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 4.2.16 Corner Welds for Flexible Shell Element Expansion Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 4.3.1 Large End Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 4.3.2 Small End Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 xxii 4.3.3 Pressure Applied to Large End Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 4.3.4 Equivalent Line Load Applied to Large End Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 4.3.5 Pressure Applied to Small End Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 4.3.6 Equivalent Line Load Applied to Small End Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 4.3.7 Stress Calculations — Knuckle — Large End Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 4.3.8 Stress Calculations — Flare — Small End Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 4.4.1 Maximum Metal Temperature for Compressive Stress Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 4.4.2 Algorithm for Computation of Predicted Inelastic Buckling Stress, Fic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 4.5.1 Minimum Number of Pipe Threads for Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 4.5.2 Nozzle Minimum Thickness Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 4.6.1 C Parameter for Flat Head Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 4.6.2 Junction Stress Equations for an Integral Flat Head With Opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 4.6.3 Stress Acceptance Criteria for an Integral Flat Head With Opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 4.7.1 Junction Stress Equations and Acceptance Criteria for a Type D Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 4.9.1 Stress Factor for Braced and Stayed Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 4.11.1 Design of Closure Member of Jacket to Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 4.11.2 Design of Jacket Penetration Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 4.11.3 Coefficients for Eq. (4.11.5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 4.12.1 Noncircular Vessel Configurations and Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 4.12.2 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 1 Noncircular Vessels (Rectangular Cross Section) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 4.12.3 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 2 Noncircular Vessels (Rectangular Cross Section With Unequal Side Plate Thicknesses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 4.12.4 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 3 Noncircular Vessels (Chamfered Rectan- gular Cross Section) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 4.12.5 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 4 Noncircular Vessels (Reinforced Rectan- gular Cross Section) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 4.12.6 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 5 Noncircular Vessels (Reinforced Rectan- gular Cross Section With Chamfered Corners) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 4.12.7 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 6 Noncircular Vessels (Reinforced Octagonal Cross Section With Chamfered Corners) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 4.12.8 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 7 Noncircular Vessels (Rectangular Cross Section With Single-Stay Plate or Multiple Bars) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 4.12.9 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 8 Noncircular Vessels (Rectangular Cross Section With Double-Stay Plate or Multiple Bars) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 360 4.12.10 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 9 Noncircular Vessels (Obround Cross Section) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 4.12.11 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 10 Noncircular Vessels (Reinforced Obround Cross Section) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 4.12.12 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 11 Noncircular Vessels (Obround Cross Section With Single-Stay Plate or Multiple Bars) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 4.12.13 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 12 Noncircular Vessels (Circular Cross Section With Single-Stay Plate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 4.12.14 Effective Width Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 4.12.15 Compressive Stress Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 4.15.1 Stress Coefficients for Horizontal Vessels on Saddle Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 4.16.1 Gasket Factors for Determining the Bolt Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 4.16.2 Recommended Minimum Gasket Contact Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 4.16.3 Effective Gasket Width for Determining the Bolt Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 4.16.4 Flange Stress Factors Equations Involving Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 4.16.5 Flange Stress Factor Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 4.16.6 Moment Arms for Flange Loads for the Operating Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 4.16.7 Flange Moments of Inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 4.16.8 Flange Stress Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 4.16.9 Flange Stress Acceptance Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 4.16.10 Flange Rigidity Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 xxiii 4.16.11 Bolt Spacing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 4.16.12 Moment Factor, FM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 4.17.1 Flange Stress Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 4.17.2 Flange Stress Acceptance Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 4.18.1 Effective Elastic Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio for a Perforated PlateWith an Equilateral Triangular Hole Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 4.18.2 Effective Elastic Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio for a Perforated Plate With a Square Hole Pattern 494 4.18.3 Evaluation of Za , Zd , Zv , Zw , Zm , and Fm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 4.18.4 Evaluation of Ft ,min and Ft ,max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 4.18.5 Flexible Shell Element Expansion Joint Load Cases and Stress Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 4.18.6 Tubesheet Effective Bolt Load, W* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 4.18.7 Load Combinations Required to Evaluate the Heat Exchanger for the Design Condition . . . . . . 497 4.18.8 Load Combinations Required to Evaluate the Heat Exchanger for Each Operating Condition x . . 497 4.18.9 Load Combinations Required to Evaluate the Heat Exchanger for Each Operating Condition x . . 497 4.19.1 Maximum Design Temperatures for Application of the Rules of 4.19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 4.19.2 Stress Calculations and Acceptability Criteria for U-Shaped Unreinforced Bellows Subject to In- ternal Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 4.19.3 Method to Determine Coefficient Cp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 4.19.4 Method to Determine Coefficient Cf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 4.19.5 Method to Determine Coefficient Cd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 4.19.6 Allowable Number of Cycles for U-Shaped Unreinforced Bellows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 4.19.7 Stress Calculations and Acceptability Criteria for U-Shaped Reinforced Bellows Subject to Internal Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 4.19.8 Allowable Number of Cycles for U-Shaped Reinforced Bellows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 4.19.9 Stress Calculations and Acceptability Criteria for Toroidal Bellows Subject to Internal Pressure 532 4.19.10 Stress and Axial Stiffness Coefficients for Toroidal Bellows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 4.19.11 Allowable Number of Cycles for Toroidal Bellows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 4.21.1 Efficiencies for Welded and/or Expanded Tube-to-Tubesheet Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 TEXP-1 Instructions for Filling Out TEPS Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 5.1 Loads and Load Cases to Be Considered in a Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609 5.2 Load Combination Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610 5.3 Load Case Combinations and Allowable Stresses for an Elastic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 5.4 Load Case Combinations and Load Factors for a Limit-Load Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612 5.5 Load Case Combinations and Load Factors for an Elastic–Plastic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612 5.6 Examples of Stress Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613 5.7 Uniaxial Strain Limit for Use in Multiaxial Strain Limit Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 5.8 Temperature Factors for Fatigue-Screening Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 5.9 Fatigue-Screening Criteria for Method A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616 5.10 Factors for Method B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616 5.11 Weld SurfaceFatigue-Strength-Reduction Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616 5.12 Weld Surface Fatigue-Strength-Reduction Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617 5.13 Fatigue Penalty Factors for Fatigue Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617 5.14 Load Case Combinations for Method A and Method B Buckling Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 5-A.1 Structural Stress Definitions for Continuum Finite Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627 5-A.2 Structural Stress Definitions for Shell or Plate Finite Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628 5-D.1 Stress Indices for Nozzles in Spherical Shells and Portions of Formed Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 5-D.2 Stress Indices for Nozzles in Cylindrical Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 5-D.3 Stress Indices for Laterals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651 5-E.1 Values of E* for Perforated Tubesheets With an Equilateral Triangular Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663 5-E.2 Values of v* for Perforated Tubesheets With an Equilateral Triangular Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663 5-E.3 Values of E* for Perforated Tubesheets With a Square Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664 5-E.4 Values of v* for Perforated Tubesheets With a Square Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664 5-E.5 Effective Elastic Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio, and Shear Modulus for a Perforated Plate With a Tri- angular Hole Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665 5-E.6 Effective Elastic Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio, and Shear Modulus for a Perforated Plate With a Square Hole Pattern — Pitch Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666 xxiv 5-E.7 Effective Elastic Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio, and Shear Modulus for a Perforated Plate With a Square Hole Pattern — Diagonal Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 5-E.8 Orthotropic Effective Elasticity Matrix for a Perforated Plate With an Equilateral Triangular Hole Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668 5-E.9 Orthotropic Effective Elasticity Matrix for a Perforated Plate With a Square Hole Pattern . . . . . 669 5-E.10 Equations for Determining Stress Components Based on the Results From an Equivalent Plate Analysis for an Equilateral Rectangular Hole Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670 5-E.11 Stress Factor Kx Coefficients — Triangular Hole Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 5-E.12 Stress Factor Ky Coefficients — Triangular Hole Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672 5-E.13 Stress Factor Kxy Coefficients — Triangular Hole Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673 5-E.14 Stress Factor Kxz Coefficients — Triangular Hole Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676 5-E.15 Stress Factor Kyz Coefficients — Triangular Hole Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 5-E.16 Stress Factors Kx and Ky Coefficients — Rectangular Hole Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 5-E.17 Stress Factor Kxy — Square Hole Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680 5-E.18 Stress Factors Kxz and Kyz — Square Hole Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681 5-E.19 Boundary Conditions for the Numerical Analysis (See Figure 5-E.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682 6.1 Equations for Calculating Forming Strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725 6.2.A Post-Cold-Forming Strain Limits and Heat-Treatment Requirements for P-No. 15E Materials . . 725 6.2.B Post-Fabrication Strain Limits and Required Heat Treatment for High Alloy Materials . . . . . . . 726 6.3 Post-Fabrication Strain Limits and Required Heat Treatment for Nonferrous Materials . . . . . . . 727 6.4 Maximum Allowable Offset in Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727 6.5 Welding Process Application Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728 6.6 Maximum Reinforcement for Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728 6.7 Minimum Preheat Temperatures for Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729 6.8 Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) of Pressure Parts and Attachments for Ma- terials: P-No. 1, Group 1, 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730 6.9 Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) of Pressure Parts and Attachments for Ma- terials: P-No. 3, Group 1, 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731 6.10 Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) of Pressure Parts and Attachments for Ma- terials: P-No. 4, Group 1, 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732 6.11 Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) of Pressure Parts and Attachments for Ma- terials: P-No. 5A; P-No. 5B, Group 1; and P-No. 5C, Group 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 6.11.A Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) of Pressure Parts and Attachments for Ma- terials: P-No. 15E, Group 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734 6.12 Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) of Pressure Parts and Attachments for Ma- terials: P-No. 6, Group 1, 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735 6.13 Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) of Pressure Parts and Attachments for Ma- terials: P-No. 7, Group 1, 2; and P-No. 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736 6.14 Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) of Pressure Parts and Attachments for Ma- terials: P-No. 9A, Group 1, and P-No. 9B, Group 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737 6.15 Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) of Pressure Parts and Attachments for Ma- terials: P-No. 10A, Group 1; P-No. 10C, Group 1; P-No. 10H, Group 1; P-No. 10I, Group 1; P-No. 10K, Group 1; and P-No. 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739 6.16 Alternative Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742 6.17 Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Quenched and Tempered Materials in Table 3-A.2 742 6.18 Quench and Tempered Steels Conditionally Exempt From Production Impact Tests . . . . . . . . . . 743 6.19 High Nickel Alloy Filler for Quench and Tempered Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744 6.20 Mandrel Radius for Guided Bend Tests for Forged Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744 6.21 U-Shaped Unreinforced and Reinforced Bellows Manufacturing Tolerances . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 745 6-A.9.2-1 Technical Data Sheet for PMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758 7.1 Examination Groups for Pressure Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 7.2 Nondestructive Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774 7.3 Selection of Nondestructive Testing Method for Full Penetration Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 7.4 Nondestructive Examination of Layered Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 7.5 NDE Techniques, Method, Characterization, Acceptance Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 7.6 Visual Examination Acceptance Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 xxv 7.7 Radiographic Acceptance Standards for Rounded Indications (Examples Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 7.8 Flaw Acceptance Criteria for Welds With Thicknesses Between 6 mm (1/4 in.) and Less Than 13 mm (1/2 in.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 7.9 Flaw Acceptance Criteria for Welds With Thicknesses Between 13 mm (1/2 in.) and Less Than 25 mm (1 in.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782 7.10 Flaw Acceptance Criteria for Welds With Thicknesses Between 25 mm (1 in.) and Less Than or Equal to 300 mm (12 in.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782 7.11 Flaw Acceptance Criteria for Welds With Thicknesses Equal to or Greater Than 400 mm (16 in.) 783 7-A.1 Inspection and Examination Activities and Responsibilities/Duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804 FORMS A-1 Manufacturer’s Data Report for Pressure Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 A-1P Manufacturer’s Data Report for Plate Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 A-2 Manufacturer’s Partial Data Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 A-3 Manufacturer’s Data Report Supplementary Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 A-3L Manufacturer’s Data Report Supplementary Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 A-4 Manufacturer’s Data Report Supplementary Sheet Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.19.1 Metric Form Specification Sheet for ASME Section VIII, Division 2 Bellows Expansion Joints, Metric Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 4.19.2 U.S. Customary Form Specification Sheet for ASME Section VIII, Division 2 Bellows Expansion Joints, U.S. Customary Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 TEXP-1 Tube Expanding Procedure Specification (TEPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 TEXP-2 Suggested Format for Tube-to-Tubesheet Expanding Procedure Qualification Record for Test Qualification (TEPQR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 xxvi ð23ÞLIST OF SECTIONS SECTIONS I Rules for Construction of Power Boilers II Materials • Part A — Ferrous Material Specifications • Part B — Nonferrous Material Specifications • Part C — Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals • Part D — Properties (Customary) • Part D — Properties (Metric) III Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components • Subsection NCA — General Requirements for Division 1 and Division 2 • Appendices • Division 1 – Subsection NB — Class 1 Components – Subsection NCD — Class 2 and Class 3 Components – Subsection NE — Class MC Components – Subsection NF — Supports – Subsection NG — Core Support Structures • Division 2 — Code for Concrete Containments • Division 3 — Containment Systems for Transportation and Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Material • Division 4 — Fusion Energy Devices • Division 5 — High Temperature Reactors IV Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers V Nondestructive Examination VI Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers VII Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels • Division 1 • Division 2 — Alternative Rules • Division 3 — Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels IX Welding, Brazing, and Fusing Qualifications X Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels XI Rules for Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Reactor Facility Components • Division 1 — Rules for Inspection and Testing of Components of Light-Water-Cooled Plants • Division 2 — Requirements for Reliability and Integrity Management (RIM) Programs for Nuclear Reactor Facilities XII Rules for Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks XIII Rules for Overpressure Protection xxvii FOREWORD* In 1911, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers established the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee to for- mulate standard rules for the construction of steam boilers and other pressure vessels. In 2009, the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee was superseded by the following committees: (a) Committee on Power Boilers (I) (b) Committee on Materials (II) (c) Committee on Construction of Nuclear Facility Components (III) (d) Committee on Heating Boilers (IV) (e) Committee on Nondestructive Examination (V) (f) Committee on Pressure Vessels (VIII) (g) Committee on Welding, Brazing, and Fusing (IX) (h) Committee on Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels (X) (i) Committee on Nuclear Inservice Inspection (XI) (j) Committee on Transport Tanks (XII) (k) Committee on Overpressure Protection (XIII) (l) Technical Oversight Management Committee (TOMC) Where reference is made to “the Committee” in this Foreword, each of these committees is included individually and collectively. The Committee’s function is to establish rules of safety relating only to pressure integrity, which govern the construction** of boilers, pressure vessels, transport tanks, and nuclear components, and the inservice inspection of nu- clear components and transport tanks. The Committee also interprets these rules when questions arise regarding their intent. The technical consistency of the Sections of the Code and coordination of standards development activities of the Committees is supported and guided by the Technical Oversight Management Committee. This Code does not address other safety issues relating to the construction of boilers, pressure vessels, transport tanks, or nuclear components, or the inservice inspection of nuclear components or transport tanks. Users of the Code should refer to the pertinent codes, standards, laws, regulations, or other relevant documents for safety issues other than those relating to pressure integ- rity. Except for Sections XI and XII, and with a few other exceptions, the rules do not, of practical necessity, reflect the likelihood and consequences of deterioration in service related to specific service fluids or external operating environ- ments. In formulating the rules, the Committee considers the needs of users, manufacturers, and inspectors of pressure vessels. The objective of the rules is to afford reasonably certain protection of life and property, and to provide a margin for deterioration in service to give a reasonablylong, safe period of usefulness. Advancements in design and materials and evidence of experience have been recognized. This Code contains mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions, and nonmandatory guidance for construction ac- tivities and inservice inspection and testing activities. The Code does not address all aspects of these activities and those aspects that are not specifically addressed should not be considered prohibited. The Code is not a handbook and cannot replace education, experience, and the use of engineering judgment. The phrase engineering judgment refers to technical judgments made by knowledgeable engineers experienced in the application of the Code. Engineering judgments must be consistent with Code philosophy, and such judgments must never be used to overrule mandatory requirements or specific prohibitions of the Code. The Committee recognizes that tools and techniques used for design and analysis change as technology progresses and expects engineers to use good judgment in the application of these tools. The designer is responsible for complying with Code rules and demonstrating compliance with Code equations when such equations are mandatory. The Code neither requires nor prohibits the use of computers for the design or analysis of components constructed to the * The information contained in this Foreword is not part of this American National Standard (ANS) and has not been processed in accordance with ANSI's requirements for an ANS. Therefore, this Foreword may contain material that has not been subjected to public review or a con- sensus process. In addition, it does not contain requirements necessary for conformance to the Code. ** Construction, as used in this Foreword, is an all-inclusive term comprising materials, design, fabrication, examination, inspection, testing, certification, and overpressure protection. xxviii requirements of the Code. However, designers and engineers using computer programs for design or analysis are cau- tioned that they are responsible for all technical assumptions inherent in the programs they use and the application of these programs to their design. The rules established by the Committee are not to be interpreted as approving, recommending, or endorsing any pro- prietary or specific design, or as limiting in any way the manufacturer’s freedom to choose any method of design or any form of construction that conforms to the Code rules. The Committee meets regularly to consider revisions of the rules, new rules as dictated by technological development, Code Cases, and requests for interpretations. Only the Committee has the authority to provide official interpretations of this Code. Requests for revisions, new rules, Code Cases, or interpretations shall be addressed to the Secretary in writing and shall give full particulars in order to receive consideration and action (see Submittal of Technical Inquiries to the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Standards Committees). Proposed revisions to the Code resulting from inquiries will be pre- sented to the Committee for appropriate action. The action of the Committee becomes effective only after confirmation by ballot of the Committee and approval by ASME. Proposed revisions to the Code approved by the Committee are sub- mitted to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and published at http://go.asme.org/BPVCPublicReview to invite comments from all interested persons. After public review and final approval by ASME, revisions are published at regular intervals in Editions of the Code. The Committee does not rule on whether a component shall or shall not be constructed to the provisions of the Code. The scope of each Section has been established to identify the components and parameters considered by the Committee in formulating the Code rules. Questions or issues regarding compliance of a specific component with the Code rules are to be directed to the ASME Certificate Holder (Manufacturer). Inquiries concerning the interpretation of the Code are to be directed to the Commit- tee. ASME is to be notified should questions arise concerning improper use of the ASME Single Certification Mark. When required by context in this Section, the singular shall be interpreted as the plural, and vice versa, and the fem- inine, masculine, or neuter gender shall be treated as such other gender as appropriate. The words “shall,” “should,” and “may” are used in this Standard as follows: – Shall is used to denote a requirement. – Should is used to denote a recommendation. – May is used to denote permission, neither a requirement nor a recommendation. xxix STATEMENT OF POLICY ON THE USE OF THE ASME SINGLE CERTIFICATION MARK AND CODE AUTHORIZATION IN ADVERTISING ASME has established procedures to authorize qualified organizations to perform various activities in accordance with the requirements of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. It is the aim of the Society to provide recognition of organizations so authorized. An organization holding authorization to perform various activities in accordance with the requirements of the Code may state this capability in its advertising literature. Organizations that are authorized to use the ASME Single Certification Mark for marking items or constructions that have been constructed and inspected in compliance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code are issued Certifi- cates of Authorization. It is the aim of the Society to maintain the standing of the ASME Single Certification Mark for the benefit of the users, the enforcement jurisdictions, and the holders of the ASME Single Certification Mark who comply with all requirements. Based on these objectives, the following policy has been established on the usage in advertising of facsimiles of the ASME Single Certification Mark, Certificates of Authorization, and reference to Code construction. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers does not “approve,” “certify,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, or activity and there shall be no statements or implications that might so indicate. An organization holding the ASME Single Certification Mark and/or a Certificate of Authorization may state in advertising literature that items, constructions, or activities “are built (produced or performed) or activities conducted in accordance with the requirements of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,” or “meet the requirements of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.”An ASME corporate logo shall not be used by any organization other than ASME. The ASME Single Certification Mark shall be used only for stamping and nameplates as specifically provided in the Code. However, facsimiles may be used for the purpose of fostering the use of such construction. Such usage may be by an association or a society, or by a holder of the ASME Single Certification Mark who may also use the facsimile in advertising to show that clearly specified items will carry the ASME Single Certification Mark. STATEMENT OF POLICY ON THE USE OF ASME MARKING TO IDENTIFY MANUFACTURED ITEMS The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code provides rules for the construction of boilers, pressure vessels, and nuclear components. This includes requirements for materials, design, fabrication, examination, inspection, and stamping. Items constructed in accordance with all of the applicable rules of the Code are identified with the ASME Single Certification Mark described in the governing Section of the Code. Markings such as “ASME,” “ASME Standard,” or any other marking including “ASME” or the ASME Single Certification Mark shall not be used on any item that is not constructed in accordance with all of the applicable requirements of the Code. Items shall not be described on ASME Data Report Forms nor on similar forms referring to ASME that tend to imply that all Code requirements have been met when, in fact, they have not been. Data Report Forms covering items not fully complying with ASME requirements should not refer to ASMEor they should clearly identify all exceptions to the ASME requirements. xxx ð23ÞPERSONNEL ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Standards Committees, Subgroups, and Working Groups January 1, 2023 TECHNICAL OVERSIGHT MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE (TOMC) R. E. McLaughlin, Chair N. A. Finney, Vice Chair S. J. Rossi, Staff Secretary G. Aurioles, Sr. R. W. Barnes T. L. Bedeaux C. Brown D. B. DeMichael R. P. Deubler J. G. Feldstein G. W. Galanes J. A. Hall T. E. Hansen G. W. Hembree R. B. Keating B. Linnemann W. M. Lundy D. I. Morris T. P. Pastor M. D. Rana S. C. Roberts F. J. Schaaf, Jr. G. Scribner W. J. Sperko D. Srnic R. W. Swayne J. Vattappilly M. Wadkinson B. K. Nutter, Ex-Officio Member M. J. Pischke, Ex-Officio Member J. F. Henry, Honorary Member Subgroup on Research and Development (TOMC) S. C. Roberts, Chair S. J. Rossi, Staff Secretary R. W. Barnes N. A. Finney W. Hoffelner R. B. Keating R. E. McLaughlin T. P. Pastor D. Andrei, Contributing Member Subgroup on Strategic Initiatives (TOMC) N. A. Finney, Chair S. J. Rossi, Staff Secretary R. W. Barnes T. L. Bedeaux G. W. Hembree M. H. Jawad R. B. Keating R. E. McLaughlin T. P. Pastor S. C. Roberts Task Group on Remote Inspection and Examination (SI-TOMC) S. C. Roberts, Chair P. J. Coco N. A. Finney S. A. Marks R. Rockwood C. Stevens M. Tannenbaum J. Cameron, Alternate A. Byk, Contributing Member J. Pang, Contributing Member S. J. Rossi, Contributing Member C. A. Sanna, Contributing Member Special Working Group on High Temperature Technology (TOMC) D. Dewees, Chair F. W. Brust T. D. Burchell P. R. Donavin B. F. Hantz R. I. Jetter P. Smith ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE R. E. McLaughlin, Chair N. A. Finney, Vice Chair S. J. Rossi, Staff Secretary J. Cameron R. B. Keating B. Linnemann B. K. Nutter M. J. Pischke M. D. Rana S. C. Roberts R. R. Stevenson R. W. Swayne M. Wadkinson MARINE CONFERENCE GROUP J. Oh, Staff Secretary J. G. Hungerbuhler, Jr. G. Nair H. N. Patel N. Prokopuk J. D. Reynolds CONFERENCE COMMITTEE R. D. Troutt — Texas, Chair J. T. Amato — Ohio, Secretary W. Anderson — Mississippi R. Becker — Colorado T. D. Boggs — Missouri R. A. Boillard — Indiana D. P. Brockerville — Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada R. J. Bunte — Iowa J. H. Burpee — Maine M. Carlson — Washington T. G. Clark — Oregon B. J. Crawford — Georgia E. L. Creaser — New Brunswick, Canada J. J. Dacanay — Hawaii R. DeLury — Manitoba, Canada A. Denham — Michigan C. Dinic — Ontario, Canada D. A. Ehler — Nova Scotia, Canada S. D. Frazier — Washington T. J. Granneman II — Oklahoma S. Harder — Arizona M. L. Jordan — Kentucky R. Kamboj — British Columbia, Canada E. Kawa — Massachusetts A. Khssassi — Quebec, Canada D. Kinney — North Carolina K. S. Lane — Alaska J. LeSage, Jr. — Louisiana A. M. Lorimor — South Dakota M. Mailman — Northwest Territories, Canada W. McGivney — City of New York, New York S. F. Noonan — Maryland C. L. O’Guin — Tennessee B. S. Oliver — New Hampshire J. L. Oliver — Nevada P. B. Polick — Illinois J. F. Porcella — West Virginia B. Ricks — Montana W. J. Ross — Pennsylvania M. H. Sansone — New York T. S. Seime — North Dakota C. S. Selinger — Saskatchewan, Canada J. E. Sharier — Ohio R. Spiker — North Carolina D. Srnic — Alberta, Canada D. J. Stenrose — Michigan R. J. Stimson II — Kansas R. K. Sturm — Utah D. K. Sullivan — Arkansas J. Taveras — Rhode Island G. Teel — California D. M. Warburton — Florida M. Washington — New Jersey E. Wiggins — Alabama xxxi INTERNATIONAL INTEREST REVIEW GROUP V. Felix Y.-G. Kim S. H. Leong W. Lin O. F. Manafa C. Minu Y.-W. Park A. R. Reynaga Nogales P. Williamson COMMITTEE ON POWER BOILERS (BPV I) R. E. McLaughlin, Chair E. M. Ortman, Vice Chair U. D’Urso, Staff Secretary D. I. Anderson J. L. Arnold K. K. Coleman J. G. Feldstein S. Fincher G. W. Galanes T. E. Hansen J. S. Hunter M. Ishikawa M. Lemmons L. Moedinger Y. Oishi M. Ortolani A. Spangenberg D. E. Tompkins D. E. Tuttle J. Vattappilly M. Wadkinson R. V. Wielgoszinski F. Zeller H. Michael, Delegate D. L. Berger, Honorary Member P. D. Edwards, Honorary Member D. N. French, Honorary Member J. Hainsworth, Honorary Member J. F. Henry, Honorary Member W. L. Lowry, Honorary Member J. R. MacKay, Honorary Member P. A. Molvie, Honorary Member J. T. Pillow, Honorary Member B. W. Roberts, Honorary Member R. D. Schueler, Jr., Honorary Member J. M. Tanzosh, Honorary Member R. L. Williams, Honorary Member L. W. Yoder, Honorary Member Executive Committee (BPV I) E. M. Ortman, Chair R. E. McLaughlin, Vice Chair D. I. Anderson J. L. Arnold J. R. Braun K. K. Coleman H. Dalal T. Dhanraj U. D’Urso P. F. Gilston K. Hayes P. Jennings A. Spangenberg D. E. Tompkins M. Wadkinson Subgroup on Design (BPV I) D. I. Anderson, Chair L. S. Tsai, Secretary P. Becker L. Krupp C. T. McDaris N. S. Ranck J. Vattappilly M. Wadkinson D. Dewees, Contributing Member J. P. Glaspie, Contributing Member Subgroup on Fabrication and Examination (BPV I) J. L. Arnold, Chair P. F. Gilston, Vice Chair P. Becker, Secretary K. K. Coleman S. Fincher G. W. Galanes T. E. Hansen P. Jennings M. Lewis C. T. McDaris R. E. McLaughlin R. J. Newell Y. Oishi R. V. Wielgoszinski Subgroup on General Requirements and Piping (BPV I) D. E. Tompkins, Chair M. Wadkinson, Vice Chair M. Lemmons, Secretary R. Antoniuk T. E. Hansen M. Ishikawa R. E. McLaughlin L. Moedinger B. J. Mollitor Y. Oishi E. M. Ortman D. E. Tuttle J. Vattappilly R. V. Wielgoszinski W. L. Lowry, Contributing Member Subgroup on Locomotive Boilers (BPV I) J. R. Braun, Chair S. M. Butler, Secretary G. W. Galanes D. W. Griner M. A. Janssen S. A. Lee L. Moedinger G. M. Ray M. W. Westland Subgroup on Materials (BPV I) K. K. Coleman, Chair K. Hayes, Vice Chair M. Lewis, Secretary S. H. Bowes G. W. Galanes P. F. Gilston J. S. Hunter E. Liebl F. Masuyama L. S. Nicol M. Ortolani D. W. Rahoi F. Zeller B. W. Roberts, Contributing Member J. M. Tanzosh, Contributing Member Subgroup on Solar Boilers (BPV I) P. Jennings, Chair R. E. Hearne, Secretary S. Fincher J. S. Hunter P. Swarnkar Task Group on Modernization (BPV I) D. I. Anderson, Chair U. D’Urso, Staff Secretary J. L. Arnold D. Dewees G. W. Galanes J. P. Glaspie T. E. Hansen R. E. McLaughlin E. M. Ortman D. E. Tuttle J. Vattappilly Germany International Working Group (BPV I) A. Spangenberg, Chair P. Chavdarov, Secretary B. Daume J. Fleischfresser C. Jaekel R. Kauer D. Koelbl S. Krebs T. Ludwig R. A. Meyers H. Michael F. Miunske M. Sykora R. Helmholdt, Contributing Member J. Henrichsmeyer, Contributing Member B. Müller, Contributing Member xxxii India International Working Group (BPV I) H. Dalal, Chair T. Dhanraj, Vice Chair K. Thanupillai, Secretary P. Brahma S. Chakrabarti A. Hantodkar A. J. Patil S. Purkait M. G. Rao G. U. Shanker D. K. Shrivastava K. Singha R. Sundararaj S. Venkataramana COMMITTEE ON MATERIALS (BPV II) J. Cameron, Chair G. W. Galanes, Vice Chair C. E. Rodrigues, Staff Secretary A. Appleton P. Chavdarov K. K. Coleman D. W. Gandy J. F. Grubb J. A. Hall D. O. Henry K. M. Hottle M. Ishikawa K. Kimura M. Kowalczyk D. L. Kurle F. Masuyama S. Neilsen L. S. Nicol M. Ortolani D. W. Rahoi W. Ren E. Shapiro R. C. Sutherlin F. Zeller O. Oldani, Delegate A. Chaudouet, Contributing Member J. D. Fritz, Contributing Member W. Hoffelner, Contributing Member K. E. Orie, Contributing Member D. T. Peters, Contributing Member B. W. Roberts, Contributing Member J. M. Tanzosh, Contributing Member E. Upitis, Contributing Member R. G. Young, Contributing Member Executive Committee (BPV II) J. Cameron, Chair C. E. Rodrigues, Staff Secretary A. Appleton K. K. Coleman G. W. Galanes J. F. Grubb S. Guzey W. Hoffelner M. Ishikawa M. Ortolani P. K. Rai J. Robertson E. Shapiro Subgroup on External Pressure (BPV II) S. Guzey, Chair E. Alexis, Vice Chair J. A. A. Morrow, Secretary L. F. Campbell H. Chen D. S. Griffin J. F. Grubb M. H. Jawad S. Krishnamurthy D. L. Kurle R. W. Mikitka P. K. Rai M. Wadkinson Subgroup on Ferrous Specifications (BPV II) A. Appleton, Chair K. M.Hottle, Vice Chair C. Hyde, Secretary D. Amire-Brahimi G. Cuccio O. Elkadim D. Fialkowski J. F. Grubb D. S. Janikowski Y.-J. Kim S. G. Lee W. C. Mack J. Nickel K. E. Orie D. Poweleit E. Upitis L. Watzke J. D. Fritz, Contributing Member C. Meloy, Contributing Member Subgroup on International Material Specifications (BPV II) M. Ishikawa, Chair P. Chavdarov, Vice Chair A. Chaudouet H. Chen A. F. Garbolevsky D. O. Henry W. M. Lundy F. Zeller C. Zhou O. Oldani, Delegate H. Lorenz, Contributing Member T. F. Miskell, Contributing Member E. Upitis, Contributing Member Subgroup on Nonferrous Alloys (BPV II) E. Shapiro, Chair W. MacDonald, Vice Chair J. Robertson, Secretary R. M. Beldyk J. M. Downs J. F. Grubb J. A. Hall D. Maitra J. A. McMaster D. W. Rahoi W. Ren R. C. Sutherlin R. Wright S. Yem D. B. Denis, Contributing Member D. T. Peters, Contributing Member Subgroup on Physical Properties (BPV II) P. K. Rai, Chair S. Neilsen, Vice Chair G. Aurioles, Sr. D. Chandiramani P. Chavdarov H. Eshraghi J. F. Grubb B. F. Hantz R. D. Jones P. K. Lam D. W. Rahoi E. Shapiro D. K. Verma S. Yem D. B. Denis, Contributing Member Subgroup on Strength, Ferrous Alloys (BPV II) M. Ortolani, Chair L. S. Nicol, Secretary G. W. Galanes J. A. Hall M. Ishikawa S. W. Knowles F. Masuyama M. Osterfoss D. W. Rahoi S. Rosinski M. Ueyama F. Zeller F. Abe, Contributing Member R. G. Young, Contributing Member Subgroup on Strength of Weldments (BPV II & BPV IX) K. K. Coleman, Chair K. L. Hayes, Vice Chair S. H. Bowes, Secretary M. Denault G. W. Galanes D. W. Gandy M. Ghahremani W. F. Newell, Jr. J. Penso D. W. Rahoi W. J. Sperko J. P. Swezy, Jr. M. Ueyama P. D. Flenner, Contributing Member B. W. Roberts, Contributing Member Working Group on Materials Database (BPV II) W. Hoffelner, Chair C. E. Rodrigues, Staff Secretary F. Abe W. MacDonald R. C. Sutherlin D. Andrei, Contributing Member J. L. Arnold, Contributing Member J. Cameron, Contributing Member J. F. Grubb, Contributing Member D. T. Peters, Contributing Member W. Ren, Contributing Member B. W. Roberts, Contributing Member E. Shapiro, Contributing Member xxxiii Working Group on Creep Strength Enhanced Ferritic Steels (BPV II) M. Ortolani, Chair G. W. Galanes, Vice Chair P. Becker, Secretary S. H. Bowes K. K. Coleman K. Kimura M. Lang S. Luke F. Masuyama T. Melfi W. F. Newell, Jr. J. J. Sanchez-Hanton J. A. Siefert W. J. Sperko F. Zeller F. Abe, Contributing Member P. D. Flenner, Contributing Member J. M. Tanzosh, Contributing Member Working Group on Data Analysis (BPV II) J. F. Grubb, Chair W. Ren, Vice Chair K. Kimura F. Masuyama S. Neilsen M. Ortolani M. J. Swindeman F. Abe, Contributing Member W. Hoffelner, Contributing Member W. C. Mack, Contributing Member D. T. Peters, Contributing Member B. W. Roberts, Contributing Member China International Working Group (BPV II) T. Xu, Secretary W. Cai W. Fang Q. C. Feng S. Huo F. Kong H. Leng Hli Li Hongbin Li J. Li S. Liu Z. Rongcan S. Tan C. Wang Jinguang Wang Jiongxiang Wang Q.-J. Wang X. Wang H.-C. Yang J. Yang L. Yin H. Zhang X.-H. Zhang Y. Zhang COMMITTEE ON CONSTRUCTION OF NUCLEAR FACILITY COMPONENTS (BPV III) R. B. Keating, Chair T. M. Adams, Vice Chair D. E. Matthews, Vice Chair A. Maslowski, Staff Secretary A. Appleton S. Asada R. W. Barnes W. H. Borter M. E. Cohen R. P. Deubler P. R. Donavin A. C. Eberhardt J. V. Gardiner J. Grimm S. Hunter R. M. Jessee R. I. Jetter C. C. Kim G. H. Koo D. W. Lewis M. A. Lockwood K. A. Manoly K. Matsunaga B. McGlone S. McKillop J. McLean J. C. Minichiello M. N. Mitchell T. Nagata J. B. Ossmann S. Pellet E. L. Pleins T.-L. Sham W. J. Sperko W. Windes C. Basavaraju, Alternate C. T. Smith, Contributing Member W. K. Sowder, Jr., Contributing Member M. Zhou, Contributing Member E. B. Branch, Honorary Member G. D. Cooper, Honorary Member D. F. Landers, Honorary Member C. Pieper, Honorary Member Executive Committee (BPV III) R. B. Keating, Chair A. Maslowski, Secretary T. M. Adams P. R. Donavin J. V. Gardiner J. Grimm D. W. Lewis K. A. Manoly D. E. Matthews S. McKillop J. McLean T.-L. Sham W. K. Sowder, Jr. K. A. Kavanagh, Alternate Argentina International Working Group (BPV III) M. F. Liendo, Chair J. Fernández, Vice Chair O. Martinez, Staff Secretary O. A. Verastegui, Secretary E. H. Aldaz G. O. Anteri A. P. Antipasti D. O. Bordato G. Bourguigne M. Brusa A. Claus R. G. Cocco A. J. Dall’Osto J. I. Duo M. M. Gamizo I. M. Guerreiro I. A. Knorr D. E. Matthews A. E. Pastor M. Rivero M. D. Vigliano P. Yamamoto M. Zunino China International Working Group (BPV III) Y. Wang, Chair H. Yu, Secretary L. Feng J. Gu L. Guo C. Jiang D. Kang Y. Li H. Lin S. Liu W. Liu J. Ma K. Mao D. E. Matthews J. Ming W. Pei C. Peiyin Z. Sun G. Tang L. Ting F. Wu C. Yang P. Yang W. Yang H. Yin D. Yuangang G. Zhang D. Zhao Z. Zhong Q. Zhou H. Zhu Germany International Working Group (BPV III) J. Wendt, Chair D. Koelbl, Vice Chair R. Gersinska, Secretary P. R. Donavin R. Döring C. G. Frantescu A. Huber R. E. Hueggenberg C. Huttner E. Iacopetta M. H. Koeppen C. Kuschke H.-W. Lange T. Ludwig X. Pitoiset M. Reichert G. Roos J. Rudolph L. Sybertz I. Tewes R. Tiete F. Wille xxxiv India International Working Group (BPV III) R. N. Sen, Chair S. B. Parkash, Vice Chair A. D. Bagdare, Secretary S. Aithal S. Benhur N. M. Borwankar M. Brijlani H. Dalal S. K. Goyal A. Johori A. P. Kishore D. Kulkarni R. Kumar S. Kumar M. Lakshminarasimhan T. Mukherjee D. Narain A. D. Paranjpe J. R. Patel E. L. Pleins T. J. P. Rao V. Sehgal S. Singh B. K. Sreedhar Korea International Working Group (BPV III) G. H. Koo, Chair O.-S. Kim, Secretary H. Ahn S. Cho G.-S. Choi M.-J. Choi S. Choi J. Y. Hong N.-S. Huh J.-K. Hwang S. S. Hwang C. Jang I. I. Jeong S. H. Kang J.-I. Kim J.-S. Kim M.-W. Kim S.-S. Kim Y.-B. Kim Y.-S. Kim D. Kwon B. Lee D. Lee S. Lee S.-G. Lee H. Lim I.-K. Nam C.-K. Oh C.-Y. Oh E.-J. Oh C. Park H. Park Y. S. Pyun T. Shin S. Song W. J. Sperko J. S. Yang O. Yoo Seismic Design Steering Committee (BPV III) T. M. Adams, Chair F. G. Abatt, Secretary G. A. Antaki C. Basavaraju D. Chowdhury R. Döring G. H. Koo A. Maekawa K. Matsunaga J. McLean R. M. Pace D. Watkins Task Group on Alternate Requirements (BPV III) J. Wen, Chair R. R. Romano, Secretary P. J. Coco P. R. Donavin J. V. Gardiner J. Grimm R. S. Hill III M. Kris M. A. Lockwood D. E. Matthews S. McKillop B. P. Nolan J. B. Ossmann E. C. Renaud M. A. Richter I. H. Tseng Y. Wang United Kingdom International Working Group (BPV III) C. D. Bell, Chair P. M. James, Vice Chair C. B. Carpenter, Secretary T. M. Adams T. Bann M. J. Chevalier A. J. Cole-Baker M. Consonni M. J. Crathorne G. Innes S. A. Jones B. Pellereau C. R. Schneider J. W. Stairmand J. Sulley J. Talamantes-Silva A. J. Holt, Contributing Member Special Working Group on New Plant Construction Issues (BPV III) J. B. Ossmann, Chair A. Maslowski, Staff Secretary M. C. Buckley, Secretary M. Arcaro A. Cardillo P. J. Coco K. Harris J. Honcharik M. Kris R. E. McLaughlin E. L. Pleins D. W. Sandusky M. C. Scott R. R. Stevenson H. Xu J. Yan J. C. Minichiello, Contributing Member Special Working Group on Editing and Review (BPV III) D. E. Matthews, Chair R. P. Deubler A. C. Eberhardt J. V. Gardiner S. Hunter J. C. Minichiello J. F. Strunk C. Wilson Special Working Group on HDPE Stakeholders (BPV III) S. Patterson, Secretary S. Choi C. M. Faidy M. Golliet R. M. Jessee J. Johnston, Jr. M. Kuntz M. Lashley K. A. Manoly D. P. Munson T. M. Musto J. E. O’Sullivan V. Rohatgi F. J. Schaaf, Jr. R. Stakenborghs M. Troughton B. Lin, Alternate Special Working Group on Honors and Awards (BPV III) J. C. Minichiello, Chair A. Appleton R. W. Barnes R. M. Jessee D. E. Matthews Special Working Group on International Meetings and IWG Liaisons (BPV III) D. E. Matthews, Chair A. Maslowski, Staff Secretary T. M. Adams R. W. Barnes P. R. Donavin E. L. Pleins W. J. Sperko xxxv Joint ACI-ASME Committee on Concrete Components for Nuclear Service (BPV III) J. McLean, Chair L. J. Colarusso, ViceChair J. Cassamassino, Staff Secretary A. Dinizulu, Staff Secretary C. J. Bang A. C. Eberhardt B. D. Hovis T. C. Inman C. Jones T. Kang N.-H. Lee J. A. Munshi T. Muraki J. S. Saini J. F. Strunk G. Thomas A. Varma S. Wang A. Istar, Alternate A. Adediran, Contributing Member S. Bae, Contributing Member J.-B. Domage, Contributing Member P. S. Ghosal, Contributing Member B. B. Scott, Contributing Member M. R. Senecal, Contributing Member Z. Shang, Contributing Member M. Sircar, Contributing Member C. T. Smith, Contributing Member Special Working Group on Modernization (BPV III-2) S. Wang, Chair J. McLean, Vice Chair A. Adediran S. Malushte J. S. Saini A. Varma F. Lin, Contributing Member J. A. Pires, Contributing Member I. Zivanovic, Contributing Member Task Group on Steel-Concrete Composite Containments (BPV III-2) A. Varma, Chair S. Malushte J. McLean J. A. Pires J. S. Saini Working Group on Design (BPV III-2) N.-H. Lee, Chair S. Wang, Vice Chair M. Allam S. Bae L. J. Colarusso A. C. Eberhardt B. D. Hovis T. C. Inman C. Jones J. A. Munshi T. Muraki J. S. Saini G. Thomas A. Istar, Alternate P. S. Ghosal, Contributing Member S.-Y. Kim, Contributing Member J. Kwon, Contributing Member S. E. Ohler-Schmitz, Contributing Member B. B. Scott, Contributing Member Z. Shang, Contributing Member M. Shin, Contributing Member M. Sircar, Contributing Member Working Group on Materials, Fabrication, and Examination (BPV III-2) C. Jones, Chair A. Eberhardt, Vice Chair C. J. Bang B. Birch J.-B. Domage T. Kang N.-H. Lee Z. Shang J. F. Strunk A. A. Aboelmagd, Contributing Member P. S. Ghosal, Contributing Member B. B. Scott, Contributing Member I. Zivanovic, Contributing Member Subcommittee on Design (BPV III) P. R. Donavin, Chair S. McKillop, Vice Chair R. P. Deubler M. A. Gray R. I. Jetter R. B. Keating J.-I. Kim K. A. Manoly D. E. Matthews M. N. Mitchell B. Pellereau T.-L. Sham W. F. Weitze C. Basavaraju, Alternate G. L. Hollinger, Contributing Member M. H. Jawad, Contributing Member W. J. O’Donnell, Sr., Contributing Member K. Wright, Contributing Member Subgroup on Component Design (SC-D) (BPV III) D. E. Matthews, Chair P. Vock, Vice Chair S. Pellet, Secretary T. M. Adams D. J. Ammerman G. A. Antaki J. J. Arthur S. Asada J. F. Ball C. Basavaraju D. Chowdhury N. A. Costanzo R. P. Deubler M. Kassar D. Keck T. R. Liszkai K. A. Manoly J. C. Minichiello T. Mitsuhashi D. Murphy T. M. Musto T. Nagata G. Z. Tokarski S. Willoughby-Braun C. Wilson A. A. Dermenjian, Contributing Member P. Hirschberg, Contributing Member R. B. Keating, Contributing Member O.-S. Kim, Contributing Member R. J. Masterson, Contributing Member H. S. Mehta, Contributing Member I. Saito, Contributing Member J. P. Tucker, Contributing Member Task Group to Improve Section III/XI Interface (SG-CD) (BPV III) P. Vock, Chair E. Henry, Secretary G. A. Antaki A. Cardillo D. Chowdhury J. Honcharik J. Hurst J. Lambin C. A. Nove T. Nuoffer J. B. Ossmann A. T. Roberts III J. Sciulli A. Udyawar S. Willoughby-Braun Working Group on Core Support Structures (SG-CD) (BPV III) D. Keck, Chair R. Z. Ziegler, Vice Chair R. Martin, Secretary G. W. Delport L. C. Hartless T. R. Liszkai M. Nakajima M. D. Snyder R. Vollmer T. M. Wiger C. Wilson Y. Wong H. S. Mehta, Contributing Member Working Group on Design of Division 3 Containment Systems (SG-CD) (BPV III) D. J. Ammerman, Chair S. Klein, Secretary G. Bjorkman V. Broz D. W. Lewis J. M. Piotter A. Rigato P. Sakalaukus, Jr. D. Siromani R. Sypulski X. Zhai X. Zhang C. R. Sydnor, Alternate J. C. Minichiello, Contributing Member xxxvi Working Group on HDPE Design of Components (SG-CD) (BPV III) T. M. Musto, Chair J. B. Ossmann, Secretary M. Brandes S. Choi J. R. Hebeisen P. Krishnaswamy M. Kuntz K. A. Manoly D. P. Munson F. J. Schaaf, Jr. R. Stakenborghs M. T. Audrain, Alternate J. C. Minichiello, Contributing Member Working Group on Piping (SG-CD) (BPV III) G. A. Antaki, Chair G. Z. Tokarski, Secretary C. Basavaraju J. Catalano F. Claeys C. M. Faidy R. G. Gilada N. M. Graham M. A. Gray R. J. Gurdal R. W. Haupt A. Hirano P. Hirschberg M. Kassar J. Kawahata D. Lieb I.-K. Nam J. O’Callaghan K. E. Reid II D. Vlaicu S. Weindorf T. M. Adams, Contributing Member R. B. Keating, Contributing Member T. B. Littleton, Contributing Member Y. Liu, Contributing Member J. F. McCabe, Contributing Member J. C. Minichiello, Contributing Member A. N. Nguyen, Contributing Member M. S. Sills, Contributing Member N. C. Sutherland, Contributing Member E. A. Wais, Contributing Member C.-I. Wu, Contributing Member Working Group on Pressure Relief (SG-CD) (BPV III) K. R. May, Chair R. Krithivasan, Secretary M. Brown J. W. Dickson S. Jones R. Lack D. Miller T. Patel K. Shores I. H. Tseng B. J. Yonsky Y. Wong, Alternate J. Yu, Alternate S. T. French, Contributing Member D. B. Ross, Contributing Member S. Ruesenberg, Contributing Member Working Group on Pumps (SG-CD) (BPV III) D. Chowdhury, Chair J. V. Gregg, Jr., Secretary B. Busse M. D. Eftychiou R. A. Fleming K. J. Noel J. Sulley K. B. Wilson Y. Wong I. H. Tseng, Alternate X. Di, Contributing Member C. Gabhart, Contributing Member R. Ladefian, Contributing Member Working Group on Supports (SG-CD) (BPV III) N. A. Costanzo, Chair U. S. Bandyopadhyay, Secretary K. Avrithi N. M. Bisceglia R. P. Deubler N. M. Graham Y. Matsubara S. Pellet G. Thomas G. Z. Tokarski L. Vandersip P. Wiseman R. J. Masterson, Contributing Member J. R. Stinson, Contributing Member Working Group on Valves (SG-CD) (BPV III) P. Vock, Chair S. Jones, Secretary M. C. Buckley A. Cardillo G. A. Jolly J. Lambin T. Lippucci C. A. Mizer H. O’Brien J. O’Callaghan M. Rain K. E. Reid II J. Sulley I. H. Tseng J. P. Tucker Y. Wong, Alternate Working Group on Vessels (SG-CD) (BPV III) D. Murphy, Chair S. Willoughby-Braun, Secretary J. J. Arthur C. Basavaraju M. Brijlani L. Constantinescu J. I. Kim O.-S. Kim D. E. Matthews T. Mitsuhashi T. J. Schriefer M. C. Scott P. K. Shah D. Vlaicu C. Wilson R. Z. Ziegler R. J. Huang, Alternate B. Basu, Contributing Member R. B. Keating, Contributing Member W. F. Weitze, Contributing Member Subgroup on Design Methods (SC-D) (BPV III) S. McKillop, Chair P. R. Donavin, Vice Chair J. Wen, Secretary K. Avrithi L. Davies M. A. Gray J. V. Gregg, Jr. K. Hsu R. Kalnas D. Keck J. I. Kim B. Pellereau W. D. Reinhardt P. Smith R. Vollmer W. F. Weitze T. M. Adams, Contributing Member C. W. Bruny, Contributing Member S. R. Gosselin, Contributing Member H. T. Harrison III, Contributing Member W. J. O’Donnell, Sr., Contributing Member K. Wright, Contributing Member Special Working Group on Computational Modeling for Explicit Dynamics (SG-DM) (BPV III) G. Bjorkman, Chair D. J. Ammerman, Vice Chair V. Broz, Secretary S. Kuehner D. Molitoris W. D. Reinhardt D. Siromani C.-F. Tso M. C. Yaksh U. Zencker X. Zhang Y. Wong, Contributing Member xxxvii Working Group on Design Methodology (SG-DM) (BPV III) B. Pellereau, Chair R. Vollmer, Secretary K. Avrithi C. Basavaraju F. Berkepile C. M. Faidy Y. Gao M. Kassar J. I. Kim T. R. Liszkai D. Lytle K. Matsunaga S. McKillop S. Ranganath W. D. Reinhardt P. K. Shah S. Wang W. F. Weitze J. Wen T. M. Wiger K. Hsu, Alternate G. Banyay, Contributing Member D. S. Bartran, Contributing Member R. D. Blevins, Contributing Member M. R. Breach, Contributing Member C. W. Bruny, Contributing Member D. L. Caldwell, Contributing Member H. T. Harrison III, Contributing Member C. F. Heberling II, Contributing Member P. Hirschberg, Contributing Member R. B. Keating, Contributing Member A. Walker, Contributing Member K. Wright, Contributing Member Working Group on Environmental Fatigue Evaluation Methods (SG-DM) (BPV III) M. A. Gray, Chair W. F. Weitze, Secretary S. Asada K. Avrithi R. C. Cipolla T. M. Damiani C. M. Faidy A. Hirano P. Hirschberg K. Hsu J.-S. Park B. Pellereau D. Vlaicu K. Wang R. Z. Ziegler S. Cuvilliez, Contributing Member T. D. Gilman, Contributing Member S. R. Gosselin, Contributing Member Y. He, ContributingMember H. S. Mehta, Contributing Member K. Wright, Contributing Member Working Group on Fatigue Strength (SG-DM) (BPV III) P. R. Donavin, Chair M. S. Shelton, Secretary R. S. Bass T. M. Damiani D. W. DeJohn C. M. Faidy P. Gill S. R. Gosselin R. J. Gurdal C. F. Heberling II C. E. Hinnant P. Hirschberg K. Hsu J. I. Kim S. H. Kleinsmith B. Pellereau S. Ranganath Y. Wang W. F. Weitze Y. Zou S. Majumdar, Contributing Member H. S. Mehta, Contributing Member W. J. O’Donnell, Sr., Contributing Member K. Wright, Contributing Member Working Group on Probabilistic Methods in Design (SG-DM) (BPV III) M. Golliet, Chair R. Kalnas, Vice Chair K. Avrithi G. Brouette J. Hakii D. O. Henry A. Hirano K. A. Manoly P. J. O’Regan B. Pellereau M. Yagodich R. S. Hill III, Contributing Member Subgroup on Containment Systems for Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Material (BPV III) D. W. Lewis, Chair D. J. Ammerman, Vice Chair S. Klein, Secretary G. Bjorkman V. Broz A. Rigato P. Sakalaukus, Jr. D. Siromani D. B. Spencer R. Sypulski J. Wellwood X. J. Zhai X. Zhang D. Dunn, Alternate W. H. Borter, Contributing Member E. L. Pleins, Contributing Member N. M. Simpson, Contributing Member Subgroup on Fusion Energy Devices (BPV III) W. K. Sowder, Jr., Chair A. Maslowski, Staff Secretary M. Ellis, Secretary M. Bashir J. P. Blanchard T. P. Davis B. R. Doshi L. El-Guebaly G. Holtmeier D. Johnson I. Kimihiro C. J. Lammi S. Lawler P. Mokaria D. J. Roszman F. J. Schaaf, Jr. P. Smith Y. Song C. Vangaasbeek I. J. Zatz R. W. Barnes, Contributing Member Special Working Group on Fusion Stakeholders (BPV III-4) T. P. Davis, Chair R. W. Barnes V. Chugh S. S. Desai F. Deschamps M. Hua S. Lawler S. C. Middleburgh R. J. Pearson W. K. Sowder, Jr. D. A. Sutherland N. Young J. Zimmermann Working Group on General Requirements (BPV III-4) D. J. Roszman, Chair M. Ellis P. Mokaria W. K. Sowder, Jr. Working Group on In-Vessel Components (BPV III-4) M. Bashir, Chair Y. Carin T. P. Davis M. Kalsey S. T. Madabusi Working Group on Magnets (BPV III-4) W. K. Sowder, Jr., Chair D. S. Bartran Working Group on Materials (BPV III-4) M. Porton, Chair T. P. Davis P. Mummery Working Group on Vacuum Vessels (BPV III-4) I. Kimihiro, Chair L. C. Cadwallader B. R. Doshi D. Johnson Q. Shijun Y. Song xxxviii Subgroup on General Requirements (BPV III) J. V. Gardiner, Chair N. DeSantis, Secretary V. Apostolescu A. Appleton S. Bell J. R. Berry G. Brouette G. C. Deleanu J. W. Highlands E. V. Imbro K. A. Kavanagh Y.-S. Kim B. McGlone E. C. Renaud T. N. Rezk J. Rogers R. Spuhl D. M. Vickery J. DeKleine, Contributing Member H. Michael, Contributing Member D. J. Roszman, Contributing Member C. T. Smith, Contributing Member W. K. Sowder, Jr., Contributing Member G. E. Szabatura, Contributing Member Special Working Group on General Requirements Consolidation (SG-GR) (BPV III) J. V. Gardiner, Chair J. Grimm, Vice Chair G. C. Deleanu A. C. Eberhardt E. C. Renaud J. L. Williams C. T. Smith, Contributing Member Working Group on General Requirements (SG-GR) (BPV III) B. McGlone, Chair J. Grimm, Secretary V. Apostolescu A. Appleton S. Bell J. R. Berry G. Brouette P. J. Coco N. DeSantis Y. Diaz-Castillo O. Elkadim J. Harris J. W. Highlands E. V. Imbro K. A. Kavanagh Y.-S. Kim Y. K. Law D. T. Meisch E. C. Renaud T. N. Rezk J. Rogers B. S. Sandhu R. Spuhl J. F. Strunk D. M. Vickery J. L. Williams J. DeKleine, Contributing Member S. F. Harrison, Jr., Contributing Member D. J. Roszman, Contributing Member G. E. Szabatura, Contributing Member Working Group on General Requirements for Graphite and Ceramic Composite Core Components and Assemblies (SG-GR) (BPV III) W. J. Geringer, Chair A. Appleton J. R. Berry C. Cruz Y. Diaz-Castillo J. Lang M. N. Mitchell J. Potgieter E. C. Renaud R. Spuhl W. Windes B. Lin, Alternate Subgroup on High Temperature Reactors (BPV III) T.-L. Sham, Chair Y. Wang, Secretary M. Ando N. Broom F. W. Brust P. Carter M. E. Cohen W. J. Geringer B. F. Hantz M. H. Jawad W. T. Jessup R. I. Jetter K. Kimura G. H. Koo A. Mann M. C. Messner X. Wei W. Windes R. Wright G. L. Zeng D. S. Griffin, Contributing Member X. Li, Contributing Member W. O’Donnell, Sr., Contributing Member L. Shi, Contributing Member R. W. Swindeman, Contributing Member Special Working Group on High Temperature Reactor Stakeholders (SG-HTR) (BPV III) M. E. Cohen, Chair M. C. Albert M. Arcaro R. W. Barnes N. Broom R. Christensen V. Chugh W. Corwin G. C. Deleanu R. A. Fleming K. Harris R. I. Jetter Y. W. Kim G. H. Koo N. J. McTiernan T. Nguyen K. J. Noel T.-L. Sham B. Song X. Wei G. L. Zeng T. Asayama, Contributing Member X. Li, Contributing Member L. Shi, Contributing Member G. Wu, Contributing Member Task Group on Division 5 AM Components (SG-HTR) (BPV III) R. Wright, Chair R. Bass, Secretary M. C. Albert R. W. Barnes F. W. Brust Z. Feng S. Lawler X. Lou M. McMurtrey M. C. Messner T. Patterson E. C. Renaud D. Rudland T.-L. Sham I. J. Van Rooyen X. Wei Working Group on Allowable Stress Criteria (SG-HTR) (BPV III) R. Wright, Chair M. McMurtrey, Secretary R. Bass K. Kimura D. Maitra R. J. McReynolds M. C. Messner J. C. Poehler W. Ren T.-L. Sham Y. Wang X. Wei M. Yoo, Alternate R. W. Swindeman, Contributing Member xxxix Working Group on Analysis Methods (SG-HTR) (BPV III) M. C. Messner, Chair H. Mahajan, Secretary R. W. Barnes J. A. Blanco P. Carter W. T. Jessup R. I. Jetter G. H. Koo H. Qian T. Riordan T.-L. Sham X. Wei S. X. Xu J. Young M. R. Breach, Contributing Member T. Hassan, Contributing Member S. Krishnamurthy, Contributing Member M. J. Swindeman, Contributing Member Working Group on Creep-Fatigue and Negligible Creep (SG-HTR) (BPV III) Y. Wang, Chair M. Ando P. Carter M. E. Cohen J. I. Duo R. I. Jetter G. H. Koo H. Mahajan M. McMurtrey M. C. Messner T. Nguyen J. C. Poehler H. Qian R. Rajasekaran T.-L. Sham X. Wei J. Young M. Yoo, Alternate Working Group on High Temperature Flaw Evaluation (SG-HTR) (BPV III) C. J. Sallaberry, Chair F. W. Brust P. Carter S. Kalyanam B.-L. Lyow M. C. Messner J. C. Poehler H. Qian D. A. Scarth D. J. Shim A. Udyawar X. Wei S. X. Xu M. Yoo, Alternate Working Group on Nonmetallic Design and Materials (SG-HTR) (BPV III) W. Windes, Chair W. J. Geringer, Vice Chair J. Potgieter, Secretary G. Beirnaert C. Chen A. N. Chereskin V. Chugh C. Contescu N. Gallego S. T. Gonczy K. Harris M. G. Jenkins J. Lang M. P. Metcalfe M. N. Mitchell J. Parks T.-L. Sham A. Tzelepi G. L. Zeng M. Yoo, Alternate A. Appleton, Contributing Member R. W. Barnes, Contributing Member A. A. Campbell, Contributing Member S.-H. Chi, Contributing Member Y. Katoh, Contributing Member A. Mack, Contributing Member J. B. Ossmann, Contributing Member Subgroup on Materials, Fabrication, and Examination (BPV III) J. Grimm, Chair S. Hunter, Secretary W. H. Borter M. Brijlani G. R. Cannell A. Cardillo S. Cho P. J. Coco R. H. Davis D. B. Denis B. D. Frew D. W. Gandy S. E. Gingrich M. Golliet L. S. Harbison R. M. Jessee C. C. Kim M. Kris D. W. Mann T. Melfi I.-K. Nam J. B. Ossmann J. E. O’Sullivan M. C. Scott W. J. Sperko J. R. Stinson J. F. Strunk W. Windes R. Wright S. Yee H. Michael, Delegate A. L. Hiser, Jr., Alternate R. W. Barnes, Contributing Member Task Group on Advanced Manufacturing (BPV III) D. W. Mann, Chair D. W. Gandy, Secretary R. Bass D. Chowdhury P. J. Coco B. D. Frew J. Grimm A. L. Hiser, Jr. J. Lambin T. Lippucci K. Matsunaga T. Melfi E. C. Renaud W. J. Sperko J. F. Strunk J. Sulley S. Tate S. Wolbert H. Xu D. W. Pratt, Alternate S. Malik, Contibuting Member Joint Working Group on HDPE (SG-MFE) (BPV III) M. Brandes, Chair T. M. Musto, Chair J. B. Ossmannn, Secretary G. Brouette M. C. Buckley S. Choi M. Golliet J. Hebeisen J. Johnston, Jr. P. Krishnaswamy M. Kuntz B. Lin K. Manoly D. P. Munson J. O’Sullivan V. Rohatgi F. Schaaf, Jr. S. Schuessler R. Stakenborghs M. Troughton P. Vibien J. Wright T. Adams, Contributing Member COMMITTEE ON HEATING BOILERS (BPV IV) M. Wadkinson, Chair J. L. Kleiss, Vice ChairC. R. Ramcharran, Staff Secretary B. Ahee L. Badziagowski T. L. Bedeaux B. Calderon J. P. Chicoine C. Dinic J. M. Downs J. A. Hall M. Mengon D. Nelson H. Michael, Delegate D. Picart, Delegate P. A. Molvie, Contributing Member Executive Committee (BPV IV) M. Wadkinson, Chair C. R. Ramcharran, Staff Secretary L. Badziagowski T. L. Bedeaux J. P. Chicoine J. A. Hall J. L. Kleiss xl Subgroup on Cast Boilers (BPV IV) J. P. Chicoine, Chair J. M. Downs, Vice Chair C. R. Ramcharran, Staff Secretary T. L. Bedeaux J. A. Hall J. L. Kleiss M. Mengon Subgroup on Materials (BPV IV) J. A. Hall, Chair J. M. Downs, Vice Chair C. R. Ramcharran, Staff Secretary L. Badziagowski T. L. Bedeaux Y. Teng M. Wadkinson Subgroup on Water Heaters (BPV IV) J. L. Kleiss, Chair L. Badziagowski, Vice Chair C. R. Ramcharran, Staff Secretary B. Ahee J. P. Chicoine C. Dinic B. J. Iske M. Mengon Y. Teng T. E. Trant P. A. Molvie, Contributing Member Subgroup on Welded Boilers (BPV IV) T. L. Bedeaux, Chair C. R. Ramcharran, Staff Secretary B. Ahee L. Badziagowski B. Calderon J. P. Chicoine C. Dinic J. L. Kleiss M. Mengon M. Wadkinson M. J. Melita, Alternate D. Nelson, Alternate P. A. Molvie, Contributing Member Europe International Working Group (BPV IV) L. Badziagowski, Chair D. Picart, Vice Chair R. Lozny E. Van Bruggen G. Vicchi A. Alessandrini, Alternate COMMITTEE ON NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION (BPV V) N. A. Finney, Chair C. May, Vice Chair C. R. Ramcharran, Staff Secretary D. Bajula P. L. Brown M. A. Burns N. Carter T. Clausing C. Emslander A. F. Garbolevsky P. T. Hayes G. W. Hembree F. B. Kovacs K. Krueger B. D. Laite P. B. Shaw C. Vorwald S. J. Akrin, Contributing Member J. E. Batey, Contributing Member A. S. Birks, Contributing Member N. Y. Faransso, Contributing Member J. F. Halley, Contributing Member R. W. Kruzic, Contributing Member L. E. Mullins, Contributing Member F. J. Sattler, Contributing Member H. C. Graber, Honorary Member T. G. McCarty, Honorary Member Executive Committee (BPV V) C. May, Chair N. A. Finney, Vice Chair C. R. Ramcharran, Staff Secretary N. Carter V. F. Godinez-Azcuaga P. T. Hayes G. W. Hembree F. B. Kovacs K. Krueger E. Peloquin C. Vorwald Subgroup on General Requirements/Personnel Qualifications and Inquiries (BPV V) C. Vorwald, Chair D. Bajula N. Carter P. Chavdarov T. Clausing C. Emslander N. A. Finney G. W. Hembree F. B. Kovacs K. Krueger C. May S. J. Akrin, Contributing Member N. Y. Faransso, Contributing Member J. F. Halley, Contributing Member D. I. Morris, Contributing Member J. P. Swezy, Jr., Contributing Member Project Team on Assisted Analysis (BPV V) K. Hayes, Chair J. Aldrin J. Chen N. A. Finney V. F. Godinez-Azcuaga C. Hansen G. W. Hembree R. S. F. Orozco E. Peloquin T. Thulien Subgroup on Volumetric Methods (BPV V) C. May, Chair P. T. Hayes, Vice Chair D. Adkins P. L. Brown N. A. Finney A. F. Garbolevsky R. W. Hardy G. W. Hembree F. B. Kovacs K. Krueger E. Peloquin C. Vorwald S. J. Akrin, Contributing Member N. Y. Faransso, Contributing Member J. F. Halley, Contributing Member R. W. Kruzic, Contributing Member L. E. Mullins, Contributing Member F. J. Sattler, Contributing Member Working Group on Radiography (SG-VM) (BPV V) C. Vorwald, Chair D. M. Woodward, Vice Chair J. Anderson P. L. Brown C. Emslander A. F. Garbolevsky R. W. Hardy G. W. Hembree F. B. Kovacs B. D. Laite T. R. Lerohl C. May R. J. Mills J. F. Molinaro T. Vidimos B. White S. J. Akrin, Contributing Member T. L. Clifford, Contributing Member N. Y. Faransso, Contributing Member R. W. Kruzic, Contributing Member Working Group on Ultrasonics (SG-VM) (BPV V) K. Krueger, Chair D. Bajula, Vice Chair D. Adkins C. Brown C. Emslander N. A. Finney P. T. Hayes G. W. Hembree B. D. Laite T. R. Lerohl C. May E. Peloquin J. Schoneweis D. Tompkins D. Van Allen J. Vinyard C. Vorwald C. Wassink N. Y. Faransso, Contributing Member J. F. Halley, Contributing Member R. W. Kruzic, Contributing Member P. Mudge, Contributing Member L. E. Mullins, Contributing Member M. J. Quarry, Contributing Member F. J. Sattler, Contributing Member J. Vanvelsor, Contributing Member xli Working Group on Acoustic Emissions (SG-VM) (BPV V) V. F. Godinez-Azcuaga, Chair J. Catty, Vice Chair S. R. Doctor N. F. Douglas, Jr. R. K. Miller N. Y. Faransso, Contributing Member Working Group on Full Matrix Capture (SG-VM) (BPV V) E. Peloquin, Chair C. Wassink, Vice Chair D. Bajula D. Bellistri J. Catty N. A. Finney J. L. Garner R. T. Grotenhuis P. T. Hayes G. W. Hembree K. Krueger M. Lozev R. Nogueira D. Richard M. Sens D. Tompkins J. F. Halley, Contributing Member L. E. Mullins, Contributing Member Subgroup on Inservice Examination Methods and Techniques (BPV V) P. T. Hayes, Chair E. Peloquin, Vice Chair M. A. Burns M. Carlson N. A. Finney V. F. Godinez-Azcuaga G. W. Hembree K. Krueger C. May D. D. Raimander C. Vorwald Subgroup on Surface Examination Methods (BPV V) N. Carter, Chair B. D. Laite, Vice Chair R. M. Beldyk P. L. Brown T. Clausing C. Emslander N. Farenbaugh N. A. Finney A. F. Garbolevsky K. Hayes G. W. Hembree C. May P. B. Shaw R. Tedder C. Vorwald C. Wassink D. M. Woodward S. J. Akrin, Contributing Member N. Y. Faransso, Contributing Member J. F. Halley, Contributing Member R. W. Kruzic, Contributing Member L. E. Mullins, Contributing Member F. J. Sattler, Contributing Member Germany International Working Group (BPV V) P. Chavdarov, Chair C. Kringe, Vice Chair H.-P. Schmitz, Secretary K.-H. Gischler D. Kaiser S. Mann V. Reusch India International Working Group (BPV V) P. Kumar, Chair A. V. Bhagwat J. Chahwala S. Jobanputra D. Joshi G. R. Joshi A. Relekar V. J. Sonawane D. B. Tanpure Italy International Working Group (BPV V) D. D. Raimander, Chair O. Oldani, Vice Chair C. R. Ramcharran, Staff Secretary P. Campli, Secretary M. Agostini T. Aldo F. Bresciani N. Caputo M. Colombo P. L. Dinelli F. Ferrarese E. Ferrari M. A. Grimoldi G. Luoni U. Papponetti P. Pedersoli A. Veroni M. Zambon V. Calo, Contributing Member G. Gobbi, Contributing Member A. Gusmaroli, Contributing Member G. Pontiggia, Contributing Member COMMITTEE ON PRESSURE VESSELS (BPV VIII) S. C. Roberts, Chair M. D. Lower, Vice Chair S. J. Rossi, Staff Secretary G. Aurioles, Sr. S. R. Babka R. J. Basile P. Chavdarov D. B. DeMichael J. F. Grubb B. F. Hantz M. Kowalczyk D. L. Kurle R. Mahadeen S. A. Marks P. Matkovics R. W. Mikitka B. R. Morelock T. P. Pastor D. T. Peters M. J. Pischke M. D. Rana G. B. Rawls, Jr. F. L. Richter C. D. Rodery J. C. Sowinski D. Srnic D. B. Stewart P. L. Sturgill K. Subramanian D. A. Swanson J. P. Swezy, Jr. S. Terada E. Upitis A. Viet K. Xu P. A. McGowan, Delegate H. Michael, Delegate K. Oyamada, Delegate M. E. Papponetti, Delegate A. Chaudouet, Contributing Member J. P. Glaspie, Contributing Member K. T. Lau, Contributing Member U. R. Miller, Contributing Member K. Mokhtarian, Contributing Member G. G. Karcher, Honorary Member K. K. Tam, Honorary Member Executive Committee (BPV VIII) M. D. Lower, Chair S. J. Rossi, Staff Secretary G. Aurioles, Sr. C. W. Cary J. Hoskinson M. Kowalczyk S. A. Marks P. Matkovics S. C. Roberts J. C. Sowinski K. Subramanian K. Xu xlii Subgroup on Design (BPV VIII) J. C. Sowinski, Chair C. S. Hinson, Vice Chair G. Aurioles, Sr. S. R. Babka O. A. Barsky R. J. Basile D. Chandiramani M. D. Clark M. Faulkner B. F. Hantz C. E. Hinnant M. H. Jawad S. Krishnamurthy D. L. Kurle K. Kuscu M. D. Lower R. W. Mikitka B. Millet M. D. Rana G. B. Rawls, Jr. S. C. Roberts C. D. Rodery T. G. Seipp D. Srnic D. A. Swanson S. Terada J. Vattappilly K. Xu K. Oyamada, Delegate M. E. Papponetti, Delegate P. K. Lam, Contributing Member K. Mokhtarian, Contributing Member T. P. Pastor, Contributing Member S. C. Shah, Contributing Member K. K. Tam, Contributing Member E. Upitis, Contributing Member Working Group on Design-by-Analysis (BPV VIII) B. F. Hantz, Chair T. W. Norton, Secretary D. A. Arnett J. Bedoya S. Guzey C. F. Heberling II C. E. Hinnant M. H. Jawad S. Kataoka S. Kilambi K.D. Kirkpatrick S. Krishnamurthy A. Mann C. Nadarajah P. Prueter T. G. Seipp M. A. Shah S. Terada R. G. Brown, Contributing Member D. Dewees, Contributing Member K. Saboda, Contributing Member Working Group on Elevated Temperature Design (BPV I and VIII) A. Mann, Chair C. Nadarajah, Secretary D. Anderson D. Dewees B. F. Hantz M. H. Jawad R. I. Jetter S. Krishnamurthy T. Le M. C. Messner M. N. Mitchell P. Prueter M. J. Swindeman J. P. Glaspie, Contributing Member N. McMurray, Contributing Member B. J. Mollitor, Contributing Member Subgroup on Fabrication and Examination (BPV VIII) S. A. Marks, Chair D. I. Morris, Vice Chair T. Halligan, Secretary N. Carter J. Lu B. R. Morelock O. Mulet M. J. Pischke M. J. Rice J. Roberts C. D. Rodery B. F. Shelley D. Smith P. L. Sturgill J. P. Swezy, Jr. E. Upitis C. Violand K. Oyamada, Delegate W. J. Bees, Contributing Member L. F. Campbell, Contributing Member R. Uebel, Contributing Member Subgroup on General Requirements (BPV VIII) J. Hoskinson, Chair M. Faulkner, Vice Chair N. Barkley R. J. Basile T. P. Beirne D. B. DeMichael M. D. Lower T. P. Pastor I. Powell G. B. Rawls, Jr. F. L. Richter S. C. Roberts J. Rust J. C. Sowinski P. Speranza D. Srnic D. B. Stewart D. A. Swanson J. P. Glaspie, Contributing Member Y. Yang, Contributing Member Task Group on Fired Heater Pressure Vessels (BPV VIII) J. Hoskinson, Chair W. Kim S. Kirk D. Nelson T. P. Pastor R. Robles J. Rust P. Shanks E. Smith D. Srnic Task Group on Subsea Applications (BPV VIII) M. Sarzynski, Chair A. J. Grohmann, Vice Chair L. P. Antalffy R. C. Biel J. Ellens J. Hademenos J. Kaculi K. Karpanan F. Kirkemo C. Lan P. Lutkiewicz N. McKie S. K. Parimi R. H. Patil M. P. Vaclavik R. Cordes, Contributing Member D. T. Peters, Contributing Member J. R. Sims, Contributing Member Subgroup on Heat Transfer Equipment (BPV VIII) P. Matkovics, Chair M. D. Clark, Vice Chair L. Bower, Secretary G. Aurioles, Sr. S. R. Babka J. H. Barbee O. A. Barsky T. Bunyarattaphantu A. Chaudouet D. L. Kurle R. Mahadeen S. Mayeux S. Neilsen E. Smith A. M. Voytko R. P. Wiberg J. Pasek, Contributing Member D. Srnic, Contributing Member Z. Tong, Contributing Member Working Group on Plate Heat Exchangers (BPV VIII) D. I. Morris, Chair S. R. Babka J. F. Grubb V. Gudge R. Mahadeen S. A. Marks P. Matkovics M. J. Pischke P. Shanks E. Smith D. Srnic S. Sullivan xliii Subgroup on High Pressure Vessels (BPV VIII) K. Subramanian, Chair M. Sarzynski, Vice Chair A. Dinizulu, Staff Secretary L. P. Antalffy J. Barlow R. C. Biel P. N. Chaku L. Fridlund D. Fuenmayor J. Gibson R. T. Hallman K. Karpanan J. Keltjens A. K. Khare G. T. Nelson D. T. Peters E. D. Roll J. R. Sims E. Smith F. W. Tatar S. Terada Y. Xu A. M. Clayton, Contributing Member R. Cordes, Contributing Member R. D. Dixon, Contributing Member Q. Dong, Contributing Member T. A. Duffey, Contributing Member R. M. Hoshman, Contributing Member F. Kirkemo, Contributing Member R. A. Leishear, Contributing Member G. M. Mital, Contributing Member M. Parr, Contributing Member M. D. Rana, Contributing Member C. Romero, Contributing Member C. Tipple, Contributing Member K.-J. Young, Contributing Member D. J. Burns, Honorary Member G. J. Mraz, Honorary Member Subgroup on Materials (BPV VIII) M. Kowalczyk, Chair P. Chavdarov, Vice Chair S. Kilambi, Secretary J. Cameron J. F. Grubb D. Maitra D. W. Rahoi J. Robertson R. C. Sutherlin E. Upitis K. Xu S. Yem A. Di Rienzo, Contributing Member J. D. Fritz, Contributing Member M. Katcher, Contributing Member W. M. Lundy, Contributing Member J. Penso, Contributing Member Subgroup on Toughness (BPV VIII) K. Xu, Chair T. Halligan, Vice Chair T. Finn C. S. Hinson S. Kilambi D. L. Kurle T. Newman J. Qu M. D. Rana F. L. Richter K. Subramanian D. A. Swanson J. P. Swezy, Jr. S. Terada E. Upitis J. Vattappilly K. Oyamada, Delegate L. Dong, Contributing Member S. Krishnamurthy, Contributing Member K. Mokhtarian, Contributing Member Subgroup on Graphite Pressure Equipment (BPV VIII) C. W. Cary, Chair A. Viet, Vice Chair G. C. Becherer F. L. Brown R. J. Bulgin J. D. Clements H. Lee, Jr. S. Mehrez T. Rudy A. A. Stupica Argentina International Working Group (BPV VIII) A. Dominguez, Chair R. Robles, Vice Chair G. Glissenti, Secretary M. M. Acosta R. A. Barey C. Alderetes F. A. Andres A. Antipasti D. A. Bardelli L. F. Boccanera O. S. Bretones A. Burgueno G. Casanas D. H. Da Rold D. A. Del Teglia J. I. Duo M. Favareto M. D. Kuhn F. P. Larrosa L. M. Leccese C. Meinl M. A. Mendez J. J. Monaco C. Parente M. A. A. Pipponzi L. C. Rigoli A. Rivas D. Rizzo J. C. Rubeo S. Schamun G. Telleria M. M. C. Tocco China International Working Group (BPV VIII) X. Chen, Chair B. Shou, Vice Chair Z. Fan, Secretary Y. Chen J. Cui R. Duan J.-G. Gong B. Han J. Hu Q. Hu H. Hui K. Li D. Luo Y. Luo C. Miao L. Sun C. Wu J. Xiaobin F. Xu G. Xu F. Yang Y. Yang Y. Yuan Yanfeng Zhang Yijun Zhang S. Zhao J. Zheng G. Zhu Germany International Working Group (BPV VIII) R. Kauer, Chair M. Sykora, Vice Chair A. Aloui P. Chavdarov A. Emrich J. Fleischfresser C. Jaekel D. Koelbl S. Krebs T. Ludwig R. A. Meyers H. Michael S. Reich A. Spangenberg C. Stobbe G. Naumann, Contributing Member India International Working Group (BPV VIII) D. Chandiramani, Chair D. Kulkarni, Vice Chair A. D. Dalal, Secretary P. Arulkumar B. Basu P. Gandhi U. Ganesan S. K. Goyal V. Jayabalan V. K. Joshi A. Kakumanu V. V. P. Kumar T. Mukherjee P. C. Pathak D. Prabhu A. Sadasivam M. P. Shah R. Tiru V. T. Valavan M. Sharma, Contributing Member xliv Italy International Working Group (BPV VIII) A. Teli, Chair M. Millefanti, Vice Chair P. Campli, Secretary B. G. Alborali P. Aliprandi A. Avogadri A. Camanni N. Caputo M. Colombo P. Conti D. Cortassa P. L. Dinelli F. Finco M. Guglielmetti A. F. Magri P. Mantovani L. Moracchioli P. Pacor S. Sarti V. Calo, Contributing Member G. Gobbi, Contributing Member A. Gusmaroli, Contributing Member G. Pontiggia, Contributing Member D. D. Raimander, Contributing Member Special Working Group on Bolted Flanged Joints (BPV VIII) W. Brown, Chair M. Osterfoss, Vice Chair G. Aurioles, Sr. D. Bankston, Jr. H. Bouzid A. Chaudouet H. Chen D. Francis H. Lejeune A. Mann W. McDaniel R. W. Mikitka D. Nash M. Ruffin R. Wacker E. Jamalyaria, Contributing Member J. R. Payne, Contributing Member G. Van Zyl, Contributing Member J. Veiga, Contributing Member Subgroup on Interpretations (BPV VIII) G. Aurioles, Sr., Chair J. Oh, Staff Secretary S. R. Babka J. Cameron C. W. Cary B. F. Hantz M. Kowalczyk D. L. Kurle M. D. Lower S. A. Marks P. Matkovics D. I. Morris D. T. Peters F. L. Richter S. C. Roberts C. D. Rodery T. G. Seipp J. C. Sowinski D. B. Stewart K. Subramanian D. A. Swanson J. P. Swezy, Jr. J. Vattappilly A. Viet K. Xu R. J. Basile, Contributing Member D. B. DeMichael, Contributing Member R. D. Dixon, Contributing Member S. Kilambi, Contributing Member R. Mahadeen, Contributing Member T. P. Pastor, Contributing Member P. L. Sturgill, Contributing Member COMMITTEE ON WELDING, BRAZING, AND FUSING (BPV IX) M. J. Pischke, Chair P. L. Sturgill, Vice Chair R. Rahaman, Staff Secretary M. Bernasek M. A. Boring D. A. Bowers N. Carter J. G. Feldstein P. Gilston S. E. Gingrich K. L. Hayes R. M. Jessee J. S. Lee W. M. Lundy D. W. Mann S. A. Marks T. Melfi W. F. Newell, Jr. E. G. Reichelt M. J. Rice M. B. Sims W. J. Sperko J. P. Swezy, Jr. A. D. Wilson E. W. Woelfel D. Pojatar, Delegate A. Roza, Delegate M. Consonni, Contributing Member P. D. Flenner, Contributing Member S. A. Jones, Contributing Member D. K. Peetz, Contributing Member S. Raghunathan, Contributing Member M. J. Stanko, Contributing Member P. L. Van Fosson, Contributing Member R. K. Brown, Jr., Honorary Member M. L. Carpenter, Honorary Member B. R. Newmark, Honorary Member S. D. Reynolds, Jr., Honorary Member Subgroup on Brazing (BPV IX) S. A. Marks, Chair E. W. Beckman A. F. Garbolevsky N. Mohr M. J. Pischke P. L. Sturgill J. P. Swezy, Jr. Subgroup on General Requirements (BPV IX) N. Carter,Chair P. Gilston, Vice Chair J. P. Bell D. A. Bowers M. Heinrichs A. Howard R. M. Jessee S. A. Marks H. B. Porter P. L. Sturgill J. P. Swezy, Jr. E. W. Woelfel E. W. Beckman, Contributing Member A. Davis, Contributing Member D. K. Peetz, Contributing Member B. R. Newmark, Honorary Member Subgroup on Materials (BPV IX) M. Bernasek, Chair T. Anderson L. Constantinescu E. Cutlip M. Denault S. E. Gingrich L. S. Harbison M. James R. M. Jessee T. Melfi S. D. Nelson M. J. Pischke A. Roza C. E. Sainz P. L. Sturgill C. Zanfir V. G. V. Giunto, Delegate D. J. Kotecki, Contributing Member B. Krueger, Contributing Member W. J. Sperko, Contributing Member M. J. Stanko, Contributing Member Subgroup on Plastic Fusing (BPV IX) K. L. Hayes, Chair R. M. Jessee J. Johnston, Jr. J. E. O’Sullivan E. G. Reichelt M. J. Rice S. Schuessler M. Troughton C. Violand E. W. Woelfel J. Wright xlv Subgroup on Welding Qualifications (BPV IX) T. Melfi, Chair A. D. Wilson, Vice Chair K. L. Hayes, Secretary M. Bernasek M. A. Boring D. A. Bowers R. Campbell R. B. Corbit L. S. Harbison M. Heinrichs J. S. Lee W. M. Lundy D. W. Mann W. F. Newell, Jr. E. G. Reichelt M. J. Rice M. B. Sims W. J. Sperko P. L. Sturgill J. P. Swezy, Jr. C. Violand D. Chandiramani, Contributing Member M. Consonni, Contributing Member M. Dehghan, Contributing Member P. D. Flenner, Contributing Member T. C. Wiesner, Contributing Member Argentina International Working Group (BPV IX) A. Burgueno, Chair A. R. G. Frinchaboy, Vice Chair R. Rahaman, Staff Secretary M. D. Kuhn, Secretary B. Bardott L. F. Boccanera P. J. Cabot J. Caprarulo M. Favareto J. A. Gandola C. A. Garibotti J. A. Herrera M. A. Mendez A. E. Pastor G. Telleria M. M. C. Tocco Germany International Working Group (BPV IX) A. Roza, Chair A. Spangenberg, Vice Chair R. Rahaman, Staff Secretary P. Chavadarov B. Daume J. Fleischfresser P. Khwaja S. Krebs T. Ludwig S. Wegener F. Wodke J. Daldrup, Contributing Member E. Floer, Contributing Member R. Helmholdt, Contributing Member G. Naumann, Contributing Member K.-G. Toelle, Contributing Member Italy International Working Group (BPV IX) D. D. Raimander, Chair F. Ferrarese, Vice Chair R. Rahaman, Staff Secretary M. Bernasek A. Camanni P. L. Dinelli M. Mandina A. S. Monastra L. Moracchioli P. Pacor P. Siboni V. Calo, Contributing Member G. Gobbi, Contributing Member A. Gusmaroli, Contributing Member G. Pontiggia, Contributing Member Spain International Working Group (BPV IX) F. J. Q. Pandelo, Chair F. L. Villabrille, Vice Chair R. Rahaman, Staff Secretary F. R. Hermida, Secretary C. A. Celimendiz M. A. F. Garcia R. G. Garcia F. Manas B. B. Miguel A. D. G. Munoz A. B. Pascual S. Sevil G. Gobbi, Contributing Member COMMITTEE ON FIBER-REINFORCED PLASTIC PRESSURE VESSELS (BPV X) B. Linnemann, Chair D. Eisberg, Vice Chair P. D. Stumpf, Staff Secretary A. L. Beckwith F. L. Brown J. L. Bustillos B. R. Colley T. W. Cowley I. L. Dinovo J. Eihusen M. R. Gorman B. Hebb L. E. Hunt D. H. McCauley N. L. Newhouse G. Ramirez J. R. Richter B. F. Shelley G. A. Van Beek S. L. Wagner D. O. Yancey, Jr. P. H. Ziehl D. H. Hodgkinson, Contributing Member D. L. Keeler, Contributing Member COMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR INSERVICE INSPECTION (BPV XI) R. W. Swayne, Chair D. W. Lamond, Vice Chair A. T. Roberts III, Vice Chair D. Miro-Quesada, Staff Secretary J. F. Ball W. H. Bamford M. L. Benson J. M. Boughman C. Brown S. B. Brown T. L. Chan R. C. Cipolla D. R. Cordes H. Do E. V. Farrell, Jr. M. J. Ferlisi T. J. Griesbach J. Hakii M. L. Hall P. J. Hennessey D. O. Henry K. Hojo S. D. Kulat C. Latiolais J. T. Lindberg H. Malikowski S. L. McCracken S. A. Norman T. Nuoffer J. Nygaard J. E. O’Sullivan N. A. Palm G. C. Park D. A. Scarth F. J. Schaaf, Jr. S. Takaya D. Vetter T. V. Vo J. G. Weicks M. Weis Y.-K. Chung, Delegate C. Ye, Delegate B. Lin, Alternate R. O. McGill, Alternate L. A. Melder, Alternate A. Udyawar, Alternate E. B. Gerlach, Contributing Member C. D. Cowfer, Honorary Member R. E. Gimple, Honorary Member F. E. Gregor, Honorary Member R. D. Kerr, Honorary Member P. C. Riccardella, Honorary Member R. A. West, Honorary Member C. J. Wirtz, Honorary Member R. A. Yonekawa, Honorary Member Executive Committee (BPV XI) D. W. Lamond, Chair R. W. Swayne, Vice Chair D. Miro-Quesada, Staff Secretary M. L. Benson M. J. Ferlisi S. D. Kulat J. T. Lindberg S. L. McCracken T. Nuoffer N. A. Palm G. C. Park A. T. Roberts III B. L. Lin, Alternate Argentina International Working Group (BPV XI) O. Martinez, Staff Secretary A. Claus I. M. Guerreiro L. R. Miño F. J. Schaaf, Jr. F. M. Schroeter P. Yamamoto xlvi China International Working Group (BPV XI) J. H. Liu, Chair J. F. Cai, Vice Chair C. Ye, Vice Chair M. W. Zhou, Secretary H. Chen H. D. Chen Y. Cheng Y. B. Guo Y. Hongqi D. R. Horn Y. Hou S. X. Lin Y. Nie W. N. Pei L. Shiwei S. Shuo Y. Sixin Y. X. Sun G. X. Tang Q. Wang Q. W. Wang Z. S. Wang L. Xing F. Xu S. X. Xu Q. Yin K. Zhang Y. Zhe Z. M. Zhong Germany International Working Group (BPV XI) R. Döring, Chair M. Hagenbruch, Vice Chair R. Piel, Secretary A. Casse C. G. Frantescu E. Iacopetta S. D. Kulat H.-W. Lange N. Legl T. Ludwig X. Pitoiset M. Reichert L. Sybertz I. Tewes R. Tiete J. Wendt India International Working Group (BPV XI) S. B. Parkash, Chair D. Narain, Vice Chair K. K. Rai, Secretary Z. M. Mansuri M. R. Nadgouda N. Palm D. Rawal R. Sahai R. K. Sharma Special Working Group on Editing and Review (BPV XI) R. W. Swayne, Chair R. C. Cipolla D. O. Henry M. Orihuela D. A. Scarth Task Group on Inspectability (BPV XI) J. T. Lindberg, Chair E. Henry, Secretary A. Bushmire A. Cardillo K. Caver D. R. Cordes P. Gionta D. O. Henry J. Honcharik C. Latiolais G. A. Lofthus S. Matsumoto D. E. Matthews P. J. O’Regan J. B. Ossmann C. Thomas Working Group on Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage and Transportation Containment Systems (BPV XI) K. Hunter, Chair M. Orihuela, Secretary D. J. Ammerman W. H. Borter J. Broussard C. R. Bryan T. Carraher S. Corcoran D. Dunn N. Fales R. C. Folley G. Grant B. Gutherman M. W. Joseph M. Keene M. Liu K. Mauskar R. M. Meyer R. M. Pace E. L. Pleins M. A. Richter B. Sarno R. Sindelar M. Staley J. Wellwood K. A. Whitney X. J. Zhai P.-S. Lam, Alternate G. White, Alternate J. Wise, Alternate H. Smith, Contributing Member Task Group on Mitigation and Repair of Spent Nuclear Fuel Canisters (WG-SNFS & TCS) (BPV XI) J. Tatman, Chair D. J. Ammerman J. Broussard C. R. Bryan G. R. Cannell K. Dietrich D. Dunn N. Fales R. C. Folley D. Jacobs N. Klymyshyn M. Kris M. Liu K. Mauskar S. L. McCracken M. Orihuela M. Richter K. E. Ross B. Sarno R. Sindelar J. Wellwood A. Williams Subgroup on Evaluation Standards (SG-ES) (BPV XI) N. A. Palm, Chair S. X. Xu, Secretary W. H. Bamford M. Brumovsky H. D. Chung R. C. Cipolla C. M. Faidy M. M. Farooq B. R. Ganta T. J. Griesbach K. Hasegawa K. Hojo D. N. Hopkins D. R. Lee Y. S. Li R. O. McGill K. Miyazaki R. M. Pace J. C. Poehler S. Ranganath D. A. Scarth D. J. Shim A. Udyawar T. V. Vo G. M. Wilkowski M. L. Benson, Alternate H. S. Mehta, Contributing Member Task Group on Evaluation of Beyond Design Basis Events (SG-ES) (BPV XI) R. M. Pace, Chair S. X. Xu, Secretary F. G. Abatt G. A. Antaki P. R. Donavin R. G. Gilada T. J. Griesbach M. Hayashi K. Hojo S. A. Kleinsmith S. M. Moenssens T. V. Vo G. M. Wilkowski H. S. Mehta, Contributing Member T. Weaver, Contributing Member xlvii Working Group on Flaw Evaluation (SG-ES) (BPV XI) R. C. Cipolla, Chair S. X. Xu, Secretary W. H. Bamford M. L. Benson M. Brumovsky H. D. Chung N. G. Cofie M. A. Erickson C. M. Faidy M. M. Farooq B. R. Ganta R. G. Gilada C. Guzman-Leong P. H. Hoang K. Hojo D. N. Hopkins S. Kalyanam Y. Kim V. Lacroix D. R. Lee Y. S. Li C. Liu M. Liu G. A. Miessi K. Miyazaki S. Noronha R. K. Qashu S. Ranganath D. A. Scarth W. L. Server D. J. Shim S. Smith M. Uddin A. Udyawar T. V. Vo K. Wang B. Wasiluk G. M. Wilkowski H. S. Mehta, Contributing Member Working Group on Flaw Evaluation Reference Curves (SG-ES) (BPV XI) A. Udyawar, Chair D.A. Scarth, Secretary W. H. Bamford M. L. Benson F. W. Brust R. C. Cipolla M. M. Farooq A. E. Freed P. Gill K. Hasegawa K. Hojo V. Lacroix K. Miyazaki B. Pellereau S. Ranganath D. J. Shim S. Smith M. Uddin T. V. Vo G. White S. X. Xu H. S. Mehta, Contributing Member Working Group on Operating Plant Criteria (SG-ES) (BPV XI) N. A. Palm, Chair A. E. Freed, Secretary W. H. Bamford M. Brumovsky M. A. Erickson T. J. Griesbach M. Hayashi R. Janowiak M. Kirk S. A. Kleinsmith H. Kobayashi A. D. Odell R. M. Pace J. C. Poehler S. Ranganath W. L. Server C. A. Tomes A. Udyawar T. V. Vo H. Q. Xu H. S. Mehta, Contributing Member Task Group on Appendix L (WG-OPC) (BPV XI) N. Glunt, Chair R. M. Pace, Secretary J. I. Duo A. E. Freed M. A. Gray T. J. Griesbach H. Nam A. Nana A. D. Odell C.-S. Oh H. Park S. Ranganath A. Scott D. J. Shim S. Smith A. Udyawar T. V. Vo Working Group on Pipe Flaw Evaluation (SG-ES) (BPV XI) D. A. Scarth, Chair S. Kalyanam, Secretary K. Azuma W. H. Bamford M. L. Benson M. Brumovsky F. W. Brust H. D. Chung R. C. Cipolla N. G. Cofie C. M. Faidy M. M. Farooq B. R. Ganta R. G. Gilada S. R. Gosselin C. E. Guzman-Leong K. Hasegawa P. H. Hoang K. Hojo D. N. Hopkins E. J. Houston R. Janowiak K. Kashima Y. Kim V. Lacroix Y. S. Li R. O. McGill G. A. Miessi K. Miyazaki S. M. Parker S. H. Pellet C. J. Sallaberry W. L. Server D. J. Shim S. Smith M. F. Uddin A. Udyawar T. V. Vo K. Wang B. Wasiluk G. M. Wilkowski S. X. Xu Y. Zou K. Gresh, Alternate H. S. Mehta, Contributing Member Task Group on Code Case N-513 (WG-PFE) (BPV XI) R. O. McGill, Chair S. M. Parker, Secretary G. A. Antaki R. C. Cipolla M. M. Farooq K. Gresh E. J. Houston R. Janowiak S. H. Pellet D. Rudland D. A. Scarth S. X. Xu Task Group on Evaluation Procedures for Degraded Buried Pipe (WG-PFE) (BPV XI) R. O. McGill, Chair S. X. Xu, Secretary F. G. Abatt G. A. Antaki R. C. Cipolla R. G. Gilada K. Hasegawa K. M. Hoffman R. Janowiak M. Kassar M. Moenssens D. P. Munson R. M. Pace S. H. Pellet D. Rudland D. A. Scarth Task Group on Flaw Evaluation for HDPE Pipe (WG-PFE) (BPV XI) S. Kalyanam, Chair P. Krishnaswamy M. Moenssens D. P. Munson D. A. Scarth D. J. Shim M. Troughton J. Wright S. X. Xu Subgroup on Nondestructive Examination (SG-NDE) (BPV XI) J. T. Lindberg, Chair D. O. Henry, Vice Chair T. Cinson, Secretary M. Briley C. Brown A. Bushmire T. L. Chan D. R. Cordes S. E. Cumblidge K. J. Hacker J. Harrison D. A. Kull C. Latiolais F. J. Schaaf, Jr. R. V. Swain C. A. Nove, Alternate xlviii Working Group on Personnel Qualification and Surface Visual and Eddy Current Examination (SG-NDE) (BPV XI) C. Brown, Chair M. Orihuela, Secretary J. Bennett T. Cinson S. E. Cumblidge A. Diaz N. Farenbaugh D. O. Henry J. T. Lindberg C. Shinsky R. Tedder T. Thulien J. T. Timm Working Group on Procedure Qualification and Volumetric Examination (SG-NDE) (BPV XI) J. Harrison, Chair D. A. Kull, Secretary M. Briley A. Bushmire D. R. Cordes K. J. Hacker R. E. Jacob W. A. Jensen C. Latiolais C. A. Nove D. R. Slivon R. V. Swain D. Van Allen J. Williams B. Lin, Alternate Subgroup on Reliability and Integrity Management Program (SG-RIM) (BPV XI) A. T. Roberts III, Chair D. Vetter, Secretary T. Anselmi M. T. Audrain N. Broom F. W. Brust V. Chugh S. R. Doctor J. D. Fletcher J. T. Fong R. Grantom K. Harris P. J. Hennessey S. Kalyanam D. R. Lee R. J. McReynolds R. Meyer M. Orihuela C. J. Sallaberry F. J. Schaaf, Jr. H. M. Stephens, Jr. R. W. Swayne S. Takaya R. Vayda Working Group on MANDE (SG-RIM) (BPV XI) H. M. Stephens, Jr., Chair S. R. Doctor, Vice Chair M. Turnbow, Secretary T. Anselmi M. T. Audrain N. A. Finney J. T. Fong D. O. Henry R. J. McReynolds R. Meyer M. Orihuela K. Yamada Task Group on Nonmetallic Component Degradation and Failure Monitoring (SG-RIM) (BPV XI) M. P. Metcalfe, Chair A. Tzelepi, Secretary M. T. Audrain G. Beirnaert C. Chen W. J. Geringer K. Harris J. Lang J. Potgieter ASME/JSME Joint Working Group on RIM Processes and System-Based Code (SG-RIM) (BPV XI) S. Takaya, Chair R. J. McReynolds, Vice Chair M. T. Audrain K. Dozaki J. T. Fong J. Hakii K. Harris M. Hayashi S. Kalyanam D. R. Lee H. Machida R. Meyer T. Muraki S. Okajima A. T. Roberts III C. J. Sallaberry F. J. Schaaf, Jr. R. Vayda D. Watanabe H. Yada K. Yamada T. Asayama, Contributing Member Subgroup on Repair/Replacement Activities (SG-RRA) (BPV XI) S. L. McCracken, Chair E. V. Farrell, Jr., Secretary J. F. Ball M. Brandes S. B. Brown R. Clow S. J. Findlan M. L. Hall J. Honcharik A. B. Meichler L. A. Melder S. A. Norman G. T. Olson J. E. O’Sullivan G. C. Park R. R. Stevenson R. W. Swayne D. J. Tilly J. G. Weicks B. Lin, Alternate Working Group on Design and Programs (SG-RRA) (BPV XI) S. B. Brown, Chair R. A. Patel, Secretary O. Bhatty R. Clow R. R. Croft E. V. Farrell, Jr. K. Harris B. Lin H. Malikowski A. B. Meichler G. C. Park M. A. Pyne R. R. Stevenson K. Sullivan R. W. Swayne Task Group on Repair and Replacement Optimization (WG-D&P) (BPV XI) S. L. McCracken, Chair S. J. Findlan, Secretary T. Basso R. Clow K. Dietrich E. V. Farrell, Jr. M. J. Ferlisi R. C. Folley M. L. Hall D. Jacobs H. Malikowski T. Nuoffer G. C. Park A. Patel R. R. Stevenson J. G. Weicks Working Group on Nonmetals Repair/Replacement Activities (SG-RRA) (BPV XI) J. E. O’Sullivan, Chair S. Schuessler, Secretary M. Brandes D. R. Dechene M. Golliet J. Johnston, Jr. B. Lin T. M. Musto A. Pridmore F. J. Schaaf, Jr. R. Stakenborghs P. Vibien M. P. Marohl, Contributing Member xlix Task Group on HDPE Piping for Low Safety Significance Systems (WG-NMRRA) (BPV XI) M. Brandes, Chair J. E. O’Sullivan, Secretary M. Golliet B. Lin T. M. Musto F. J. Schaaf, Jr. S. Schuessler R. Stakenborghs Task Group on Repair by Carbon Fiber Composites (WG-NMRRA) (BPV XI) J. E. O’Sullivan, Chair S. F. Arnold S. W. Choi D. R. Dechene M. Golliet L. S. Gordon P. Krishnaswamy M. Kuntz H. Lu M. P. Marohl L. Nadeau C. A. Nove R. P. Ojdrovic A. Pridmore S. Rios C. W. Rowley J. Sealey R. Stakenborghs N. Stoeva M. F. Uddin J. Wen B. Davenport, Alternate Working Group on Welding and Special Repair Processes (SG-RRA) (BPV XI) J. G. Weicks, Chair G. T. Olson, Secretary D. Barborak S. J. Findlan R. C. Folley M. L. Hall J. Honcharik D. Jacobs M. Kris S. E. Marlette S. L. McCracken L. A. Melder J. E. O’Sullivan D. J. Tilly Task Group on Temper Bead Welding (WG-W&SRP) (BPV XI) S. J. Findlan, Chair D. Barborak R. C. Folley J. Graham M. L. Hall D. Jacobs H. Kobayashi S. L. McCracken N. Mohr G. T. Olson J. E. O’Sullivan A. Patel J. Tatman J. G. Weicks Task Group on Weld Overlay (WG-W&SRP)(BPV XI) S. L. McCracken, Chair S. Hunter, Secretary D. Barborak S. J. Findlan J. Graham M. L. Hall D. Jacobs C. Lohse S. E. Marlette G. T. Olson A. Patel D. W. Sandusky D. E. Waskey J. G. Weicks Subgroup on Water-Cooled Systems (SG-WCS) (BPV XI) M. J. Ferlisi, Chair J. Nygaard, Secretary J. M. Boughman S. T. Chesworth J. Collins H. Q. Do K. W. Hall P. J. Hennessey A. E. Keyser S. D. Kulat D. W. Lamond T. Nomura T. Nuoffer M. A. Pyne H. M. Stephens, Jr. R. Thames M. Weis I. A. Anchondo-Lopez, Alternate Task Group on High Strength Nickel Alloys Issues (SG-WCS) (BPV XI) H. Malikowski, Chair C. Waskey, Secretary E. Blackard T. Cinson J. Collins K. Dietrich P. R. Donavin H. Kobayashi S. E. Marlette G. C. Park C. Wax G. White K. A. Whitney Working Group on Containment (SG-WCS) (BPV XI) M. J. Ferlisi, Chair R. Thames, Secretary P. S. Ghosal H. T. Hill S. Johnson A. E. Keyser B. Lehman P. Leininger J. A. Munshi M. Sircar P. C. Smith S. Walden M. Weis S. G. Brown, Alternate Working Group on Inspection of Systems and Components (SG-WCS) (BPV XI) H. Q. Do, Chair M. Weis, Secretary I. A. Anchondo-Lopez R. W. Blyde K. Caver C. Cueto-Felgueroso M. J. Ferlisi M. L. Garcia Heras K. W. Hall J. Howard A. Keller S. D. Kulat E. Lantz A. Maekawa T. Nomura J. C. Nygaard S. Orita A. W. Wilkens Working Group on Pressure Testing (SG-WCS) (BPV XI) J. M. Boughman, Chair S. A. Norman, Secretary T. Anselmi M. J. Homiack A. E.Keyser D. W. Lamond M. Moenssens R. A. Nettles C. Thomas K. Whitney Working Group on Risk-Informed Activities (SG-WCS) (BPV XI) M. A. Pyne, Chair S. T. Chesworth, Secretary G. Brouette C. Cueto-Felgueroso R. Haessler J. Hakii K. W. Hall M. J. Homiack S. D. Kulat D. W. Lamond E. Lantz P. J. O’Regan N. A. Palm D. Vetter Working Group on General Requirements (BPV XI) T. Nuoffer, Chair J. Mayo, Secretary J. F. Ball T. L. Chan P. J. Hennessey K. A. Kavanagh G. Ramaraj T. N. Rezk A. T. Roberts III S. R. Scott D. Vetter S. E. Woolf B. Harris, Alternate R. S. Spencer, Alternate l COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORT TANKS (BPV XII) N. J. Paulick, Chair M. D. Rana, Vice Chair J. Oh, Staff Secretary A. N. Antoniou K. W. A. Cheng P. Chilukuri W. L. Garfield P. Miller M. Pitts J. Roberts T. A. Rogers R. C. Sallash M. Shah S. Staniszewski A. P. Varghese R. Meyers, Contributing Member Executive Committee (BPV XII) M. D. Rana, Chair N. J. Paulick, Vice Chair J. Oh, Staff Secretary M. Pitts T. A. Rogers R. C. Sallash S. Staniszewski A. P. Varghese Subgroup on Design and Materials (BPV XII) R. C. Sallash, Chair D. K. Chandiramani K. W. A. Cheng P. Chilukuri S. L. McWilliams N. J. Paulick M. D. Rana T. J. Rishel T. A. Rogers M. Shah S. Staniszewski A. P. Varghese K. Xu Y. Doron, Contributing Member A. T. Duggleby, Contributing Member R. D. Hayworth, Contributing Member B. E. Spencer, Contributing Member J. Zheng, Contributing Member Subgroup on Fabrication, Inspection, and Continued Service (BPV XII) M. Pitts, Chair K. W. A. Cheng P. Chilukuri M. Koprivnak P. Miller O. Mulet T. J. Rishel J. Roberts T. A. Rogers R. C. Sallash S. Staniszewski Y. Doron, Contributing Member R. D. Hayworth, Contributing Member G. McRae, Contributing Member Subgroup on General Requirements (BPV XII) S. Staniszewski, Chair A. N. Antoniou P. Chilukuri H. Ebben III J. L. Freiler W. L. Garfield O. Mulet B. F. Pittel M. Pitts R. C. Sallash Y. Doron, Contributing Member T. J. Hitchcock, Contributing Member S. L. McWilliams, Contributing Member T. A. Rogers, Contributing Member D. G. Shelton, Contributing Member Subgroup on Nonmandatory Appendices (BPV XII) T. A. Rogers, Chair S. Staniszewski, Secretary P. Chilukuri N. J. Paulick M. Pitts T. J. Rishel R. C. Sallash D. G. Shelton D. D. Brusewitz, Contributing Member Y. Doron, Contributing Member COMMITTEE ON OVERPRESSURE PROTECTION (BPV XIII) B. K. Nutter, Chair A. Donaldson, Vice Chair C. E. Rodrigues, Staff Secretary J. F. Ball J. Burgess B. Calderon D. B. DeMichael J. W. Dickson J. M. Levy D. Miller T. Patel B. F. Pittel T. R. Tarbay D. E. Tompkins Z. Wang J. A. West B. Engman, Alternate H. Aguilar, Contributing Member R. W. Barnes, Contributing Member R. D. Danzy, Contributing Member A. Frigerio, Contributing Member J. P. Glaspie, Contributing Member S. F. Harrison, Jr., Contributing Member A. Hassan, Contributing Member P. K. Lam, Contributing Member M. Mengon, Contributing Member J. Mize, Contributing Member M. Mullavey, Contributing Member S. K. Parimi, Contributing Member J. Phillips, Contributing Member M. Reddy, Contributing Member S. Ruesenberg, Contributing Member K. Shores, Contributing Member D. E. Tezzo, Contributing Member A. Wilson, Contributing Member Executive Committee (BPV XIII) A. Donaldson, Chair B. K. Nutter, Vice Chair C. E. Rodrigues, Staff Secretary J. F. Ball D. B. DeMichael K. R. May D. Miller Subgroup on Design and Materials (BPV XIII) D. Miller, Chair T. Patel, Vice Chair T. K. Acharya C. E. Beair W. E. Chapin J. L. Freiler B. Joergensen V. Kalyanasundaram R. Krithivasan B. J. Mollitor T. R. Tarbay J. A. West A. Williams D. J. Azukas, Contributing Member R. D. Danzy, Contributing Member A. Hassan, Contributing Member R. Miyata, Contributing Member M. Mullavey, Contributing Member S. K. Parimi, Contributing Member G. Ramirez, Contributing Member K. Shores, Contributing Member li Subgroup on General Requirements (BPV XIII) A. Donaldson, Chair B. F. Pittel, Vice Chair J. M. Levy, Secretary R. Antoniuk D. J. Azukas J. F. Ball J. Burgess D. B. DeMichael S. T. French J. Grace C. Haldiman J. Horne R. Klimas, Jr. Z. E. Kumana P. K. Lam D. Mainiero-Cessna K. R. May J. Mize L. Moedinger M. Mullavey K. Shores D. E. Tezzo D. E. Tompkins J. F. White B. Calderon, Contributing Member P. Chavdarov, Contributing Member T. M. Fabiani, Contributing Member J. L. Freiler, Contributing Member J. P. Glaspie, Contributing Member G. D. Goodson, Contributing Member B. Joergensen, Contributing Member C. Lasarte, Contributing Member M. Mengon, Contributing Member D. E. Miller, Contributing Member R. Miyata, Contributing Member B. Mruk, Contributing Member J. Phillips, Contributing Member M. Reddy, Contributing Member S. Ruesenberg, Contributing Member R. Sadowski, Contributing Member A. Swearingin, Contributing Member A. P. Varghese, Contributing Member Subgroup on Nuclear (BPV XIII) K. R. May, Chair J. F. Ball, Vice Chair R. Krithivasan, Secretary M. Brown J. W. Dickson S. Jones R. Lack D. Miller T. Patel K. Shores I. H. Tseng B. J. Yonsky J. M. Levy, Alternate Y. Wong, Alternate J. Yu, Alternate S. T. French, Contributing Member D. B. Ross, Contributing Member Subgroup on Testing (BPV XIII) B. K. Nutter, Chair J. W. Dickson, Vice Chair R. Houk, Secretary T. P. Beirne M. Brown B. Calderon V. Chicola III B. Engman R. J. Garnett R. Lack M. Mengon C. Sharpe J. R. Thomas, Jr. Z. Wang D. Nelson, Alternate J. Mize, Contributing Member M. Mullavey, Contributing Member S. Ruesenberg, Contributing Member K. Shores, Contributing Member A. Strecker, Contributing Member A. Wilson, Contributing Member US TAG to ISO TC 185 Safety Devices for Protection Against Excessive Pressure (BPV XIII) D. Miller, Chair C. E. Rodrigues, Staff Secretary J. F. Ball T. J. Bevilacqua D. B. DeMichael J. W. Dickson B. K. Nutter T. Patel J. R. Thomas, Jr. D. Tuttle J. A. West J. F. White COMMITTEE ON BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT (CBPVCA) R. V. Wielgoszinski, Chair G. Scribner, Vice Chair G. Moino, Staff Secretary M. Blankinship J. P. Chicoine T. E. Hansen W. Hibdon B. L. Krasiun L. E. McDonald N. Murugappan I. Powell D. E. Tuttle E. A. Whittle P. Williams T. P. Beirne, Alternate N. Caputo, Alternate P. Chavdarov, Alternate J. M. Downs, Alternate P. D. Edwards, Alternate Y.-S. Kim, Alternate B. Morelock, Alternate M. Prefumo, Alternate R. Rockwood, Alternate K. Roewe, Alternate B. C. Turczynski, Alternate J. Yu, Alternate D. Cheetham, Contributing Member A. J. Spencer, Honorary Member COMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR CERTIFICATION (CNC) R. R. Stevenson, Chair M. A. Lockwood, Vice Chair S. Khan, Staff Secretary A. Appleton J. F. Ball G. Claffey N. DeSantis C. Dinic G. Gobbi J. W. Highlands K. A. Kavanagh J. C. Krane T. McGee E. L. Pleins T. E. Quaka T. N. Rezk D. M. Vickery E. A. Whittle T. Aldo, Alternate M. Blankinship, Alternate G. Brouette, Alternate M. Burke, Alternate P. J. Coco, Alternate Y. Diaz-Castillo, Alternate P. D. Edwards, Alternate J. Grimm, Alternate K. M. Hottle, Alternate P. Krane, Alternate S. J. Montano, Alternate I. Olson, Alternate L. Ponce, Alternate M. Wilson, Alternate S. Yang, Alternate S. F. Harrison, Jr., Contributing Member lii ð23ÞCORRESPONDENCE WITH THE COMMITTEE General ASME codes and standards are developed andmaintained by committees with the intent to represent the consensus of concerned interests. Users of ASME codes and standards may correspond with the committees to propose revisions or cases, report errata, or request interpretations. Correspondence for this Section of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) should be sent to the staff secretary noted on the Section’s committee web page, accessible at https://go.asme.org/CSCommittees. NOTE: See ASME BPVC Section II, Part D for guidelines on requesting approval of new materials. See Section II, Part C for guidelines on re- questing approval of new welding and brazing materials (“consumables”). Revisions and Errata The committee processes revisions to thisCode on a continuous basis to incorporate changes that appear necessary or desirable as demonstrated by the experience gained from the application of the Code. Approved revisions will be pub- lished in the next edition of the Code. In addition, the committee may post errata and Special Notices at http://go.asme.org/BPVCerrata. Errata and Special Notices become effective on the date posted. Users can register on the committee web page to receive e-mail notifica- tions of posted errata and Special Notices. This Code is always open for comment, and the committee welcomes proposals for revisions. Such proposals should be as specific as possible, citing the paragraph number(s), the proposed wording, and a detailed description of the rea- sons for the proposal, including any pertinent background information and supporting documentation. Cases (a) The most common applications for cases are (1) to permit early implementation of a revision based on an urgent need (2) to provide alternative requirements (3) to allow users to gain experience with alternative or potential additional requirements prior to incorporation directly into the Code (4) to permit use of a new material or process (b) Users are cautioned that not all jurisdictions or owners automatically accept cases. Cases are not to be considered as approving, recommending, certifying, or endorsing any proprietary or specific design, or as limiting in any way the freedom of manufacturers, constructors, or owners to choose any method of design or any form of construction that conforms to the Code. (c) The committee will consider proposed cases concerning the following topics only: (1) equipment to be marked with the ASME Single Certification Mark, or (2) equipment to be constructed as a repair/replacement activity under the requirements of Section XI (d) A proposed case shall be written as a question and reply in the same format as existing cases. The proposal shall also include the following information: (1) a statement of need and background information (2) the urgency of the case (e.g., the case concerns a project that is underway or imminent) (3) the Code Section and the paragraph, figure, or table number(s) to which the proposed case applies (4) the edition(s) of the Code to which the proposed case applies (e) A case is effective for use when the public review process has been completed and it is approved by the cognizant supervisory board. Cases that have been approved will appear in the next edition or supplement of the Code Cases books, “Boilers and Pressure Vessels” or “Nuclear Components.” Each Code Cases book is updated with seven Supple- ments. Supplements will be sent or made available automatically to the purchasers of the Code Cases books until the next edition of the Code. Annulments of Code Cases become effective six months after the first announcement of the annulment in a Code Case Supplement or Edition of the appropriate Code Case book. The status of any case is available at http://go.asme.org/BPVCCDatabase. An index of the complete list of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Cases and Nu- clear Code Cases is available at http://go.asme.org/BPVCC. liii Interpretations (a) Interpretations clarify existing Code requirements and are written as a question and reply. Interpretations do not introduce new requirements. If a revision to resolve conflicting or incorrect wording is required to support the inter- pretation, the committee will issue an intent interpretation in parallel with a revision to the Code. (b) Upon request, the committee will render an interpretation of any requirement of the Code. An interpretation can be rendered only in response to a request submitted through the online Interpretation Submittal Form at http://go.asme.org/InterpretationRequest. Upon submitting the form, the inquirer will receive an automatic e-mail con- firming receipt. (c) ASME does not act as a consultant for specific engineering problems or for the general application or understand- ing of the Code requirements. If, based on the information submitted, it is the opinion of the committee that the inquirer should seek assistance, the request will be returned with the recommendation that such assistance be obtained. In- quirers may track the status of their requests at http://go.asme.org/Interpretations. (d) ASME procedures provide for reconsideration of any interpretation when or if additional information that might affect an interpretation is available. Further, persons aggrieved by an interpretation may appeal to the cognizant ASME committee or subcommittee. ASME does not “approve,” “certify,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity. (e) Interpretations are published in the ASME Interpretations Database at http://go.asme.org/Interpretations as they are issued. Committee Meetings The ASME BPVC committees regularly hold meetings that are open to the public. Persons wishing to attend any meet- ing should contact the secretary of the applicable committee. Information on future committee meetings can be found at http://go.asme.org/BCW. liv SUMMARY OF CHANGES Changes listed below are identified on the pages by a margin note, (23), placed next to the affected area. Page Location Change xxvii List of Sections (1) Under Section III, Division 4 added (2) Title of Section XI and subtitle of Section XI, Division 2 revised (3) Information on interpretations and Code cases moved to “Correspondence With the Committee” xxxi Personnel Updated liii Correspondence With the Committee Added (replaces “Submittal of Technical Inquiries to the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Standards Committees”) lx Cross-Referencing in the ASME BPVC Updated 3 1.2.4.2 In subpara. (b), cross-reference to API updated 5 Table 1.1 (1) Updated (2) Note (2) added 15 2.2.1 Reformatted and former 2.2.1.2 deleted 17 2.3.1 In 2.3.1.2 and 2.3.1.3, “PRT” revised to “PRT VIII-2” 18 2.3.3 (1) 2.3.3.1 revised (2) 2.3.3.2 deleted and subsequent paragraph redesignated 21 2-A.2.1 In first paragraph, first cross-reference updated 23 2-B.1 In subpara. (b), last cross-reference updated 23 2-B.2.1 In first paragraph, first cross-reference updated 25 2-C.1.1 In subpara. (c), “PRT” revised to “PRT VIII-2” 26 2-C.3.1 Subparagraph (d)(13) added 36 Form A-2 Under “Certificate of Shop Compliance,” “PRT” revised to “PRT VIII-2” 44 2-E.16 Deleted 45 2-F.1 “PRT” revised to “PRT VIII-2” 46 2-F.3 “PRT” revised to “PRT VIII-2” 46 2-F.4.1 “PRT” revised to “PRT VIII-2” 46 2-F.5 Subparagraph (a)(3) revised in its entirety 49 Figure 2-F.1 In illustration (b), “PRT” revised to “PRT VIII-2” 50 2-G.1 “PRT” revised to “PRT VIII-2” 50 2-G.6.2 “PRT” revised to “PRT VIII-2” 58 3.2.7.1 In subpara. (c), first sentence revised 64 3.3.6.6 Added 75 3.11.2.1 Subparagraph (b)(1) revised lv Page Location Change 76 3.11.2.3 Subparagraph (a) revised 77 3.11.2.4 Revised 77 3.11.2.5 (1) Steps 2 and 3 revised (2) In subpara. (d), first sentence revised 79 3.11.2.9 In subpara. (b), second sentence revised 82 3.11.4.5 Subparagraph (c) revised 83 3.11.6.1 Revised 85 3.11.8 (1) In 3.11.8.1, subpara. (b) revised (2) In 3.11.8.2, title and subparas. (a) through (c) revised (3) 3.11.8.3 revised in its entirety (4) In 3.11.8.4, title and subparas. (a), (b), and (c)(1)(-c) revised 89 Table 3.1 (1) Entries for 21/4Cr–1Mo revised (2) Note (1) added 90 Table 3.4 Revised 91 Table 3.5 (1) For SA-320, cross-references in last column revised (2) For SA-453, entries revised 93 Table 3.12 Title revised 94 Table 3.13 Title revised 97 Table 3.18 Deleted 100 Figure 3.3 Title revised 101 Figure 3.3M Title revised 102 Figure 3.4 Title revised 103 Figure 3.4M Title revised 105 Figure 3.6 Arrowhead added by errata 105 Figure 3.6M Arrowhead added by errata 106 Figure 3.7 Title revised 108 Figure 3.7M Title revised 110 Figure 3.8 Title revised 112 Figure 3.8M Title revised 123 Figure 3.17 Added 125 Table 3-A.1 For SA-283, Grade B deleted 138 Table 3-A.5 Revised 151Table 3-D.1 (1) Revised (2) Note (1) added 151 Table 3-D.2 “21/4Cr–1/2Mo” revised to “21/4Cr–1Mo” 153 Table 3-D.2M “21/4Cr–1/2Mo” revised to “211/4Cr–1Mo” 156 3-F.1.2 Subparagraph (b) revised 158 3-F.2.1 Subparagraph (b) revised 163 Figure 3-F.3 Title revised lvi Page Location Change 163 Figure 3-F.3M Title revised 174 4.1.8.2 Title of subpara. (b) revised 178 4.2.5.3 In subpara. (a)(2), cross-reference updated 178 4.2.5.4 In subpara. (a)(2), cross-reference updated 179 4.2.5.5 In subpara. (a)(2), cross-reference updated 182 4.2.5.7 (1) Added (2) Former 4.2.5.7 redesignated as 4.2.5.8 (3) Former 4.2.5.8 deleted 183 Table 4.2.1 (1) Description for Weld Category C revised (2)Weld Category F added 184 Table 4.2.3 For Material Type 1, description for P-No. 4, Group 1 revised 190 Table 4.2.9 For Detail 9, entry in “Design Notes” column revised 197 Table 4.2.12 For Details 1 through 5, “DIN” corrected by errata to “DN” in “Design Notes” column 202 Figure 4.2.1 Title and illustration revised 207 4.3.6.1 In Step 2, last sentence added 212 4.3.11.3 Revised 225 Table 4.3.7 For “Stress Calculation in the Non-Compact Knuckle Region,” breaks added between equations for clarity 243 4.4.12.1 Revised 279 Table 4.5.1 In first column, “DIN” corrected by errata to “DN” 323 Table 4.11.1 (1) For Detail 6, entry for “Requirements” revised (2) For Detail 6, illustrations (a), (b), and (c) revised 404 4.15.3.5 Subparagraphs (c), (d), and (e) revised 408 4.15.6 In definitions of Shy and Sy , cross-reference updated 410 Table 4.15.1 Note (4) editorially revised 413 Figure 4.15.3 Illustration (c) revised 414 Figure 4.15.4 In illustration (a), bottom image revised 423 4.16.13 Definition of Ab revised 429 Table 4.16.4 Equations for Xh revised 433 Table 4.16.7 Equations for hp revised 455 4.18.4 (1) Subparagraph (d) revised (2) Subparagraphs (f) and (g) added and subsequent subparagraphs redesignated 458 4.18.7.4 Revised and equations renumbered 464 4.18.8.4 Revised and equations renumbered 471 4.18.8.5 (1) Last sentence in (c)(2) revised (2) Equations renumbered 471 4.18.8.6 Equations renumbered lvii Page Location Change 472 4.18.8.7 (1) Subparagraph (b) and last equation revised (2) Equations renumbered 473 4.18.8.8.3 Subparagraph (b)(1) revised 477 4.18.9.4 Revised and equations renumbered 483 4.18.9.5 Equations renumbered 484 4.18.9.6 Last equation revised and equations renumbered 488 4.18.15 (1) In subpara. (b), nomenclature revised (2) In subpara. (d), ℓ t added 510 Figure 4.18.15 (1) cross-reference to Note (3) added to illustration (b) (2) Illustration (d) and Note (4) added 548 4.20.2 Subparagraph (d) revised 549 4.20.7 Definition of L l im i t added 550 Figure 4.20.1 Revised 587 5.4 Revised in its entirety 589 5.5 Equations renumbered 591 5.5.2.4 Revised in its entirety 604 5.13 Revised 615 Table 5.7 (1) Revised (2) Note (4) added 616 Table 5.10 Revised in its entirety 701 6.2.2.2 Second paragraph added 711 6.4.6.2 First sentence revised 730 Table 6.8 In second column, entries for SI Units revised 731 Table 6.9 (1) In first column, (c)(2) revised (2) In second column, entries for SI Units revised 732 Table 6.10 Revised 733 Table 6.11 Revised 735 Table 6.12 In second column, entries for SI Units revised 736 Table 6.13 (1) Under “PWHT Requirements,” first cross-reference in (c) revised (2) In second column, entries for SI Units revised 737 Table 6.14 In second column, entries for SI Units revised 739 Table 6.15 In second column, entries for SI Units revised 742 Table 6.16 Revised 759 7.4.2.1 In subpara. (a), first sentence revised 762 7.4.9.2 Second sentence revised 774 Table 7.2 For Joint Category D, last row revised and redesignated as F 778 Table 7.3 Under “Shell Thickness,” column heads revised 809 8.1.4 In subpara. (a), first sentence revised lviii Page Location Change 810 8.2.4 Revised 810 8.2.5 Title and subpara. (a) revised 812 Part 9 Note revised 812 9.1 Subparagraph (c) revised 821 Annex 9-B Deleted lix ð23Þ CROSS-REFERENCING IN THE ASME BPVC Paragraphs within the ASME BPVCmay include subparagraph breakdowns, i.e., nested lists. The following is a guide to the designation and cross-referencing of subparagraph breakdowns: (a) Hierarchy of Subparagraph Breakdowns (1) First-level breakdowns are designated as (a), (b), (c), etc. (2) Second-level breakdowns are designated as (1), (2), (3), etc. (3) Third-level breakdowns are designated as (-a), (-b), (-c), etc. (4) Fourth-level breakdowns are designated as (-1), (-2), (-3), etc. (5) Fifth-level breakdowns are designated as (+a), (+b), (+c), etc. (6) Sixth-level breakdowns are designated as (+1), (+2), etc. (b) Cross-References to Subparagraph Breakdowns. Cross-references within an alphanumerically designated para- graph (e.g., PG-1, UIG-56.1, NCD-3223) do not include the alphanumerical designator of that paragraph. The cross- references to subparagraph breakdowns follow the hierarchy of the designators under which the breakdown appears. The following examples show the format: (1) If X.1(c)(1)(-a) is referenced in X.1(c)(1), it will be referenced as (-a). (2) If X.1(c)(1)(-a) is referenced in X.1(c)(2), it will be referenced as (1)(-a). (3) If X.1(c)(1)(-a) is referenced in X.1(e)(1), it will be referenced as (c)(1)(-a). (4) If X.1(c)(1)(-a) is referenced in X.2(c)(2), it will be referenced as X.1(c)(1)(-a). lx PART 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 1.1 GENERAL 1.1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.1.1 This Division contains mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions, and nonmandatory guidance for the design, materials, fabrication, examination, inspection, testing, overpressure protection, and certification of pressure vessels. 1.1.1.2 The Code does not address all aspects of these activities. Those aspects that are not specifically addressed should not be considered prohibited and shall be addressed by appropriate engineering judgment. Engineering judg- ment shall be consistent with the philosophy of this Division, and such judgments shall never be used to overrule man- datory requirements or specific prohibitions of this Division. 1.1.2 ORGANIZATION 1.1.2.1 The requirements of this Division are contained in the nine Parts listed below. Each of these Parts and An- nexes is composed of paragraphs that are identified by an alphanumeric numbering system in accordance with the ISO Standard Template for the Preparation of Normative-Type Documents. References to paragraphs are made directly by reference to the paragraph number. For example, the Scope is referenced as 1.2. (a) Part 1 – General Requirements, provides the scope of this division and establishes the extent of coverage (b) Part 2 – Responsibilities and Duties, sets forth the responsibilities of the user and Manufacturer, and the duties of the Inspector (c) Part 3 – Materials Requirements, provides the permissible materials of construction, applicable material specifi- cation and special requirements, physical properties, allowable stresses, and design fatigue curves (d) Part 4 – Design by Rule Requirements, provides requirements for design of vessels and components using rules (e) Part 5 – Design by Analysis Requirements, provides requirements for design of vessels and components using ana- lytical methods (f) Part 6 – Fabrication Requirements, provides requirements governing the fabrication of vessels and parts (g) Part 7 – Examination and Inspection Requirements, provides requirements governing the examination and inspec- tion of vessels and parts (h) Part 8 – Pressure Testing Requirements, provides pressure testing requirements (i) Part 9 – Pressure Vessel Overpressure Protection, provides overpressure protection requirements 1.1.2.2 Mandatory and nonmandatory requirements are provided as normative and informative annexes, respec- tively, to the specific Part under consideration. The Normative Annexes address specific subjects not covered elsewhere in this Division and their requirements are mandatory when the subject coveredis included in construction under this Division. Informative Annexes provide information and suggested good practices. 1.1.2.3 The materials, design, fabrication, examination, inspection, testing, overpressure protection, and certifica- tion of pressure vessels shall satisfy all applicable Parts and Normative Annexes shown above in order to qualify the construction in accordance with this Division. 1.1.3 DEFINITIONS The definitions for the terminology used in this Part are contained in Annex 1-B. 1.2 SCOPE 1.2.1 OVERVIEW 1.2.1.1 In the scope of this Division, pressure vessels are containers for the containment of pressure, either internal or external. This pressure may be obtained from an external source or by the application of heat from a direct or indirect source as a result of a process, or any combination thereof. 1 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 1.1 – 1.2.1.1 1.2.1.2 Vessels with an internal or external design pressure not exceeding 103 kPa (15 psi) and multichambered vessels of which the design pressure on the common elements does not exceed 103 kPa (15 psi) were not considered when the rules of this Division were developed and are not considered within the scope. 1.2.1.3 The rules of this Division may be used for the construction of the following pressure vessels. These vessels shall be designated as either a Class 1 or Class 2 vessel in conformance with the User’s Design Specification required in Part 2. (a) Vessels to be installed at a fixed (stationary) location for a specific service where operation and maintenance con- trol is retained during the useful life of the vessel by the user and is in conformance with the User’s Design Specification required by Part 2. (b) Pressure vessels installed in ocean-going ships, barges, and other floating craft or used for motor vehicle or rail freight. For these applications it is necessary that prior written agreement with the jurisdictional authority be estab- lished covering operation and maintenance control for a specific service. This operation and maintenance control must be retained during the useful life of the pressure vessel by the user in conformance with the User’s Design Specification required in Part 2. Such a pressure vessel as described above may be constructed and stamped within the scope of this Division, provided it meets all other requirements as specified with the following additional provisions. (1) Loading conditions imposed by movement of the pressure vessel during operation and by relocation of the pres- sure vessel between work sites or due to loading and discharge, as applicable, shall be considered in the design. (2) The User’s Design Specification shall include the agreements that define those aspects of operation and main- tenance control unique to the particular pressure vessel. (c) Pressure vessels or parts subject to direct firing from the combustion of fuel (solid, liquid, or gaseous), that are not within the scope of Section I, III, or IV may be constructed in accordance with the rules of this Division. (d) Unfired steam boilers shall be constructed in accordance with the rules of Section I or Section VIII, Division 1. (e) The following pressure vessels in which steam is generated shall be constructed in accordance with the rules of Section VIII, Division 1 or this Division: (1) Vessels known as evaporators or heat exchangers; (2) Vessels in which steam is generated by the use of heat resulting from operation of a processing system contain- ing a number of pressure vessels such as used in the manufacture of chemical and petroleum products; and (3) Vessels in which steam is generated but not withdrawn for external use. 1.2.1.4 The scope of this Division has been established to identify components and parameters considered in for- mulating the rules given in this Division. Laws or regulations issued by municipality, state, provincial, federal, or other enforcement or regulatory bodies having jurisdiction at the location of an installation establish the mandatory applic- ability of the Code rules, in whole or in part, within the jurisdiction. Those laws or regulations may require the use of this Division of the Code for vessels or components not considered to be within its scope. These laws or regulations should be reviewed to determine size or service limitations of the coverage which may be different or more restrictive than those given here. 1.2.2 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR VERY HIGH PRESSURE VESSELS 1.2.2.1 The rules of this Division do not specify a limitation on pressure but are not all-inclusive for all types of con- struction. For very high pressures, some additions to these rules may be necessary to meet the design principles and construction practices essential to vessels for such pressures. However, only in the event that, after application of addi- tional design principles and construction practices, the vessel still complies with all of the requirements of the Code, may it be stamped with the Certification Mark. 1.2.2.2 As an alternative to this Division, Section VIII, Division 3 should be considered for the construction of vessels intended for operating pressures exceeding 68.95 MPa (10,000 psi). 1.2.3 GEOMETRIC SCOPE OF THIS DIVISION The scope of this Division is intended to include only the vessel and integral communicating chambers, and shall in- clude the following: (a)Where external piping, other pressure vessels including heat exchangers, or mechanical devices (i.e., pumps, mix- ers, or compressors) are to be connected to the vessel: (1) The welding end connection for the first circumferential joint for welded connections (see 4.2.5.9). (2) The first threaded joint for screwed connections. (3) The face of the first flange for bolted and flanged connections. Optionally, when the first flange is welded to the nozzle neck, the weld connecting the flange to the nozzle neck may be considered as the first circumferential joint, pro- vided this construction is documented in the User’s Design Specification and is properly described on the vessel drawing and the Manufacturer’s Data Report Form. 2 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20231.2.1.2 – 1.2.3 ð23Þ (4) The first sealing surface for proprietary connections or fittings. (b)Where non-pressure parts are welded directly to either the internal or external pressure-retaining surface of a pressure vessel, the scope of this Division shall include the design, fabrication, testing, and material requirements estab- lished for non-pressure-part attachments by the applicable paragraphs of this Division (see 4.2.5.6). (c) Pressure-retaining covers and their fasteners (bolts and nuts) for vessel openings, such as manhole and handhole covers. (d) The first sealing surface for proprietary connections, fittings or components that are designed to rules that are not provided by this Division, such as gages, instruments, and nonmetallic components. 1.2.4 CLASSIFICATIONS OUTSIDE THE SCOPE OF THIS DIVISION 1.2.4.1 The scope of this Division has been established to identify the components and parameters considered in formulating the rules given in this Division. Laws or regulations issued by a Jurisdictional Authority at the location of an installation establish the mandatory applicability of the Code rules, in whole or in part, within that jurisdiction. Those laws or regulations may require the use of this Division of the Code for vessels or components not considered to be with- in its Scope. These laws or regulations should be reviewed to determine size or service limitations that may be more restrictive than those given here. 1.2.4.2 The following vessels are not included in the scope of this Division. However, any pressure vessel, with the exception of (a) below, that is not excluded from the scope of this Division by 1.2.1.3 and that meets all applicable re- quirements of this Division may be stamped with the Certification Mark with the U2 Designator and vessel class. (a) Vessels within the scope of other Sections. (b) Fired process tubular heaters as definedin API STD 560. (c) Pressure containers that are integral parts or components of rotating or reciprocating mechanical devices, such as pumps, compressors, turbines, generators, engines, and hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders where the primary design con- siderations and/or stresses are derived from the functional requirements of the device. (d) Structures consisting of piping components, such as pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, expansion joints, and fittings whose primary function is the transport of fluids from one location to another within a system of which it is an integral part, that is, piping systems, including the piping system between a pressure relief device and the vessel it protects, see Part 9. (e) Pressure-containing parts of components, such as strainers and devices that serve such purposes as mixing, separ- ating, snubbing, distributing, and metering or controlling flow, provided that pressure-containing parts of such compo- nents are generally recognized as piping components or accessories. (f) A vessel for containing water under pressure, including those containing air the compression of which serves only as a cushion, when none of the following limitations are exceeded: (1) A design pressure of 2.07 MPa (300 psi) (2) A design temperature of 99°C (210°F) (g) A hot water supply storage tank heated by steam or any other indirect means when none of the following limita- tions is exceeded: (1) A heat input of 58.6 kW (200,000 Btu/hr) (2) A water temperature of 99°C (210°F) (3) A nominal water containing capacity of 454 L (120 gal) (h) Vessels with an internal or external design pressure not exceeding 103 kPa (15 psi) with no limitation on size, for multi-chambered vessels, the design pressure on the common elements shall not exceed 103 kPa (15 psi). (i) Vessels with an inside diameter, width, height, or cross section diagonal not exceeding 150 mm (6 in.), with no limitation on length of vessel or pressure. (j) Pressure vessels for human occupancy (requirements for pressure vessels for human occupancy are covered in ASME PVHO-1). 1.2.5 COMBINATION UNITS When a pressure vessel unit consists of more than one pressure chamber, only the chambers that come within the scope of this Division need be constructed in compliance with its provisions (see 4.1.8). 1.2.6 FIELD ASSEMBLY OF VESSELS 1.2.6.1 Field assembly of vessels constructed to this Division may be performed as follows. (a) The Manufacturer of the vessel completes the vessel in the field, completes the Form A-1 or Form A-1P Manufac- turer’s Data Report, and stamps the vessel. 3 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 1.2.3 – 1.2.6.1 (b) The Manufacturer of parts of a vessel to be completed in the field by some other party stamps these parts in ac- cordance with Code rules and supplies the Form A-2 Manufacturer’s Partial Data Report to the other party. The other party, who must hold a valid U2 Certificate of Authorization, makes the final assembly, performs the required NDE, per- forms the final pressure test, completes the Form A-1 or Form A-1P Manufacturer’s Data Report, and stamps the vessel. (c) The field portion of the work is completed by a holder of a valid U2 Certificate of Authorization other than the vessel Manufacturer. The Certificate holder performing the field work is required to supply a Form A-2 Manufacturer’s Partial Data Report covering the portion of the work completed by his organization (including data on the pressure test if conducted by the Certificate holder performing the field work) to the Manufacturer responsible for the Code vessel. The vessel Manufacturer applies his Certification Mark with U2 Designator in the presence of a representative from his Inspection Agency and completes the Form A-1 or Form A-1P Manufacturer’s Data Report with his Inspector. 1.2.6.2 In all three alternatives, the party completing and signing the Form A-1 or Form A-1P Manufacturer’s Data Report assumes full Code responsibility for the vessel. In all three cases, each Manufacturer’s Quality Control System shall describe the controls to assure compliance by each Certificate holder. 1.2.7 OVERPRESSURE PROTECTION The scope of this Division includes provisions for overpressure protection necessary to satisfy the requirements of Part 9. 1.3 STANDARDS REFERENCED BY THIS DIVISION (a) Throughout this Division, references are made to various standards, such as ASME standards, which describe parts or fittings or which establish dimensional limits for pressure vessel parts. These standards, with the year of the accept- able edition, are listed in Table 1.1. (b) Rules for the use of these standards are stated elsewhere in this Division. 1.4 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT (a) Either U.S. Customary, SI, or any local customary units may be used to demonstrate compliance with requirements of this edition related to materials, fabrication, examination, inspection, testing, certification, and overpressure protection. (b) A single system of units shall be used for all aspects of design except where otherwise permitted by this Division. When components are manufactured at different locations where local customary units are different than those used for the general design, the local units may be used for the design and documentation of that component within the limita- tions given in (c). Similarly, for proprietary components or those uniquely associated with a system of units different than that used for the general design, the alternate units may be used for the design and documentation of that compo- nent within the limitations given in (c). (c) For any single equation, all variables shall be expressed in a single system of units. Calculations using any material data published in this Division or Section II, Part D (e.g., allowable stresses, physical properties, external pressure design factor B) shall be carried out in one of the standard units given in Table 1.2. When separate equations are provided for U.S. Customary and SI units, those equations shall be executed using variables in the units associated with the specific equation. Data expressed in other units shall be converted to U.S. Customary or SI units for use in these equations. The result obtained from execution of these equations or any other calculations carried out in either U.S. Customary or SI units may be converted to other units. (d) Production, measurement and test equipment, drawings, welding procedure specifications, welding procedure and performance qualifications, and other fabrication documents may be in U.S. Customary, SI or local customary units in accordance with the fabricator’s practice. When values shown in calculations and analysis, fabrication documents or measurement and test equipment are in different units, any conversions necessary for verification of Code compliance and to ensure that dimensional consistency is maintained shall be in accordance with the following: (1) Conversion factors shall be accurate to at least four significant figures (2) The results of conversions of units shall be expressed to a minimum of three significant figures (e) Conversion of units, using the precision specified above shall be performed to assure that dimensional consistency is maintained. Conversion factors between U.S. Customary and SI units may be found in Annex 1-C. Whenever local cus- tomary units are used the Manufacturer shall provide the source of the conversion factors which shall be subject to ver- ification and acceptance by the Authorized Inspector or Certified Individual. (f) Dimensions shown in the text, tables and figures, whether given as a decimal or a fraction, may be taken as a dec- imal or a fraction and do not imply any manufacturing precision or tolerance on the dimension. 4 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20231.2.6.1 – 1.4 ð23Þ (g)Material that has been manufactured and certified to either the U.S. Customary or SI material specification (e.g., SA-516 or SA-516M) may be used regardless of the unit system used in design. Standard fittings (e.g., flanges andel- bows) that have been certified to either U.S. Customary units or SI units may be used regardless of the units system used in design. (h) All entries on a Manufacturer’s Data Report and data for Code-required nameplate marking shall be in units con- sistent with the fabrication drawings for the component using U.S. Customary, SI, or local customary units. Units (either primary or alternative) may be shown parenthetically. Users of this Code are cautioned that the receiving Jurisdiction should be contacted to ensure the units are acceptable. 1.5 TOLERANCES The Code does not fully address tolerances. When dimensions, sizes, or other parameters are not specified with tol- erances, the values of these parameters are considered nominal, and allowable tolerances or local variances may be con- sidered acceptable when based on engineering judgment and standard practices as determined by the designer. 1.6 TECHNICAL INQUIRIES A procedure for submittal of Technical Inquiries to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Committee is contained in the front matter. 1.7 TABLES Table 1.1 Year of Acceptable Edition of Referenced Standards in This Division Title Number Year Marking and Labeling Systems ANSI/UL-969 Latest edition Fitness-For-Service API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 2021 Materials and Fabrication of 21/4Cr–1Mo, 21/4Cr–1Mo–1/4V, 3Cr–1Mo, and 3Cr–1Mo–1/4V Steel Heavy Wall Pressure Vessels for High-Temperature, High-Pressure Hydrogen Service API RP 934-A 2019 Fired Heaters for General Refinery Service API Standard 560 Latest edition Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures ASCE/SEI 7 2022 Nuts for General Applications: Machine Screw Nuts, Hex, Square, Hex Flange, and Coupling Nuts (Inch Series) ASME/ANSI B18.2.2 Latest edition Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form) ASME B1.1 Latest edition Metric Screw Threads — M Profile ASME B1.13M Latest edition Pipe Threads, General Purpose, Inch ASME B1.20.1 Latest edition Metric Screw Threads — MJ Profile ASME B1.21M Latest edition Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, NPS 1/2 Through NPS 24 Metric/Inch Standard ASME B16.5 2020 [Note (1)] Factory-Made Wrought Buttwelding Fittings ASME B16.9 Latest edition Forged Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded ASME B16.11 Latest edition Cast Copper Alloy Threaded Fittings, Classes 125 and 250 ASME B16.15 Latest Edition Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges ASME B16.20 Latest edition Cast Copper Alloy Pipe Flanges, Flanged Fittings, and Valves, Classes 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 ASME B16.24 2016 Large Diameter Steel Flanges, NPS 26 Through NPS 60 Metric/Inch Standard ASME B16.47 2020 [Note (1)] Metric Heavy Hex Screws ASME B18.2.3.3M Latest edition Metric Hex Bolts ASME B18.2.3.5M Latest edition Metric Heavy Hex Bolts ASME B18.2.3.6M Latest edition Metric Fasteners for Use in Structural Applications ASME B18.2.6M Latest edition Conformity Assessment Requirements ASME CA-1 Latest edition Guidelines for Pressure Boundary Bolted Flange Joint Assembly ASME PCC-1 2019 Repair of Pressure Equipment and Piping ASME PCC-2 2022 Qualifications for Authorized Inspection ASME QAI-1 Latest edition Standard Practice for Quantitative Measurement and Reporting of Hypoeutectoid Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Phase Transformations ASTM A1033 Latest edition Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness ASTM E1820 2021 5 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 1.4 – 1.7 Table 1.1 Year of Acceptable Edition of Referenced Standards in This Division (Cont'd) Title Number Year Standard Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indications on Ferrous Castings ASTM E125 1963 (R2018) [Note (2)] Standard Practice for Fabricating and Checking Aluminum Alloy Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks ASTM E127 2020 Standard Test Methods for Conducting Creep, Creep-Rupture, and Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic Materials ASTM E139 Latest edition Standard Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, and Scleroscope Hardness ASTM E140 Latest edition Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled [2 to 41/2 in. (50.8 to 114 mm)] Steel Castings ASTM E186 2020 Standard Test Method of Conducting Drop Weight Test to Determine Nil Ductility Transition Temperature of Ferritic Steel ASTM E208 Latest edition Standard Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings ASTM E272 2019 Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled [41/2 to 12 in. (114 to 305 mm)] Steel Castings ASTM E280 2021 Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings up to 2 in. (51 mm) in Thickness ASTM E446 2020 Standard Procedures for Calibrating Magnetic Instruments to Measure the Delta Ferrite Content of Austenitic and Duplex Austenitic-Ferrite Stainless Steel Weld Metal AWS A4.2M 2020 Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test — Part 1: Test method ISO 148-1 Latest edition Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test — Part 2: Verification of testing machines ISO 148-2 Latest edition Metallic materials— Charpy pendulum impact test— Part 3: Preparation and characterization of Charpy V-notch test pieces for indirect verification of pendulum impact machines ISO 148-3 Latest edition Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Fired heaters for general refinery service ISO 13705 Latest edition Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings SA-388/SA-388M Latest edition NOTES: (1) The use of a flange or flanged fitting that relies on and meets the requirements of an ASME B16 Case is not permitted. (2) “R” indicates reaffirmed. Table 1.2 Standard Units for Use in Equations Quantity SI Units U.S. Customary Units Linear dimensions (e.g., length, height, thickness, radius, diameter) millimeters (mm) inches (in.) Area square millimeters (mm2) square inches (in.2) Volume cubic millimeters (mm3) cubic inches (in.3) Section modulus cubic millimeters (mm3) cubic inches (in.3) Moment of inertia of section millimeters4 (mm4) inches4 (in.4) Mass (weight) kilograms (kg) pounds mass (lbm) Force (load) newtons (N) pounds force (lbf) Bending moment newton‐millimeters (N·mm) inch‐pounds (in.‐lb) Pressure, stress, stress intensity, and modulus of elasticity megapascals (MPa) pounds per square inch (psi) Energy (e.g., Charpy impact values) joules (J) foot‐pounds (ft‐lb) Temperature degrees Celsius (°C) degrees Fahrenheit (°F) Absolute temperature kelvin (K) Rankine (°R) Fracture toughness MPa square root meters (MPa ) ksi square root inches (ksi ) Angle degrees or radians degrees or radians Boiler capacity watts (W) Btu/hr 6 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20231.7 ANNEX 1-B DEFINITIONS (Normative) 1-B.1 INTRODUCTION This Annex contains definitions of terms generally used in this Division. Definitions relating to specific applications may also be found in related Parts of this Division. 1-B.2 DEFINITION OF TERMS 1-B.2.1 Acceptance by the Inspector, accepted by the Inspector - an indication that the Inspector has reviewed a subject in accordance with his duties as required by the rules of this Division and after such review is able to sign the Certificate of Inspection for the applicable Manufacturer’s Data Report Form. 1-B.2.2 ASME Designated Organization – see ASME CA-1. 1-B.2.3 ASME designee – see ASME CA-1. 1-B.2.4 Certificate of Compliance – a document that states that the material represented has been manufactured, sampled, tested and inspected in accordance with the requirements of the material specification (including year of issue) and any other requirements specified in the purchase order or contract shown on the certificate and has been found to meet such requirements. This document may be combined with the Materials Test Report (see 1-B.2.19) as a single document. 1-B.2.5 Certificate of Authorization – a document issued by the Society that authorizes the use of the ASME Certi- fication Mark and appropriate designator for a specified time and for a specified scopeof activity. 1-B.2.6 Certification Mark – an ASME symbol identifying a product as meeting Code requirements. 1-B.2.7 Certification Mark Stamp – a metallic stamp issued by the Society for use in impressing the Certification Mark. 1-B.2.8 Certification Designator (Designator) – the symbol used in conjunction with the Certification Mark for the scope of activity described in a Manufacturer’s Certificate of Authorization. 1-B.2.9 Certifying Engineer – an engineer or other technically competent professional duly accredited and qualified to practice engineering as required by this Division. 1-B.2.10 Class 1 Vessel – a vessel that is designed using the allowable stresses from Section II, Part D, Subpart 1, Table 2A or Table 2B. 1-B.2.11 Class 2 Vessel – a vessel that is designed using the allowable stresses from Section II, Part D, Subpart 1, Table 5A or Table 5B. 1-B.2.12 Communicating Chambers – appurtenances to a vessel that intersect the shell or heads of a vessel and form an integral part of the pressure-containing enclosure. 1-B.2.13 Construction – an all-inclusive term comprising materials, design, fabrication, examination, inspection, testing, certification, and pressure relief. 1-B.2.14 Designer – an individual who is qualified to design pressure vessels in accordance with the rules of this Division by demonstrated knowledge in Code requirements and proficiency in selecting correct design formulas and ap- propriate values to be used when preparing the design of a pressure vessel. 1-B.2.15 Local Jurisdictional Authority – an agency enforcing laws or regulations applicable to pressure vessels. 7 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 1-B.1 – 1-B.2.15 1-B.2.16 Manufacturer – the organization responsible for construction of a pressure vessel, vessel component, or part in accordance with the rules of this Division and who holds an ASME Certificate of Authorization to apply the Cer- tification Mark to such an item. 1-B.2.17 Material – any substance or product form covered by a material specification in Section II Part A, B, or C or any other substance or product form permitted for use in pressure vessel construction by this Division. 1-B.2.18 Material Manufacturer – the organization responsible for the production of products meeting the require- ments of the material specification and accepting the responsibility for any statements or data in any required Certificate of Compliance or Material Test Report representing the material. 1-B.2.19 Material Test Report – a document in which the results of tests, examinations, repairs, or treatments re- quired by the material specification to be reported are recorded, including those of any supplementary requirements or other requirements stated in the order for the material. This document may be combined with a Certificate of Compli- ance (see 1-B.2.4) as a single document. 1-B.2.20 User – the organization that purchases the finished pressure vessel for its own use or as an agent for the owner. The user’s designated agent may be either a design agency specifically engaged by the user, the Manufacturer of a system for a specific service which includes a pressure vessel as a part and which is purchased by the user, or an orga- nization which offers pressure vessels for sale or lease for specific services. 8 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20231-B.2.16 – 1-B.2.20 ANNEX 1-C GUIDANCE FOR THE USE OF U.S. CUSTOMARY AND SI UNITS IN THE ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODES (Informative) 1-C.1 USE OF UNITS IN EQUATIONS The equations in this Division are suitable for use only with either the SI or U.S. Customary units provided in Table 1.2 or with the units provided in the nomenclatures associated with the equations. It is the responsibility of the individual and organization performing the calculations to ensure that appropriate units are used. Either SI or U.S. Customary units may be used as a consistent set. When necessary to convert from one system to another, the units shall be converted to at least four significant figures for use in calculations and other aspects of construction. 1-C.2 GUIDELINES USED TO DEVELOP SI EQUIVALENTS (a) U.S. Customary units are placed in parenthesis after the SI unit in the text. (b) In general, both SI and U.S. Customary tables are provided if interpolation is expected. The table designation (e.g., table number) is the same for both the SI and the U.S. Customary tables, with the addition of an M after the table number for the SI Table. In the text, references to a Table use only the primary table number (i.e., without the M). For some small tables, where interpolation is not required, U.S. Customary units are placed in parenthesis after the SI unit. (c) Separate SI and U.S. Customary versions of graphical information (charts) are provided, except that if both axes are dimensionless a single figure (chart) is used. (d) In most cases, conversions of units in the text were done using hard SI conversion practices, with some soft con- versions on a case-by-case basis as appropriate. This was implemented by rounding the SI values to the number of sig- nificant figures of implied precision in the existing U.S. Customary units. For example, 3,000 psi has an implied precision of one significant figure. Therefore, the conversion to SI units would typically be to 20 000 kPa. This is a difference of about 3% from the “exact” or soft conversion of 20 684.27 kPa. However, the precision of the conversion was deter- mined by the Committee on a case-by-case basis. More significant digits were included in the SI equivalent if there was any question. The values of allowable stress in Section II, Part D generally include three significant figures. (e) Minimum thickness and radius values that are expressed in fractions of an inch were generally converted accord- ing to Table 1-C.1. (f) For nominal sizes that are in even increments of inches, even multiples of 25 mm were generally used. Intermedi- ate values were interpolated rather than converting and rounding to the nearest mm. See examples in Table 1-C.2. Note that this table does not apply to nominal pipe sizes (NPS), which are covered in Table 1-C.4. (g) For nominal pipe sizes, the relationships shown in Table 1-C.4 were used. (h) Areas in square inches (in.2) were converted to square millimeters (mm2), and areas in square feet (ft2) were con- verted to square meters (m2), see examples in Table 1-C.5. (i) Volumes in cubic inches (in.3) were converted to cubic millimeters (mm3), and volumes in cubic feet (ft3) were converted to cubic meters (m3), see examples in the Table 1-C.6. (j) Although the pressure should always be in MPa or psi for calculations, there are cases where other units are used in the text. For example, kPa is sometimes used for low pressures and ksi is sometimes used for high pressures and stresses. Also, rounding was to one significant figure (two at the most) in most cases, see examples in Table 1-C.7. Note that 14.7 psi converts to 101 kPa, while 15 psi converts to 100 kPa. While this may seem at first glance to be an anomaly, it is consistent with the rounding philosophy. (k) Material properties that are expressed in psi or ksi (e.g., allowable stress, yield and tensile strength, elastic mod- ulus) were generally converted to MPa to three significant figures. See example in Table 1-C.8. 9 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 1-C.1 – 1-C.2 (l) In most cases, temperatures (e.g., for PWHT) were rounded to the nearest 5°C. Depending on the implied precision of the temperature, some were rounded to the nearest 1°C or 10°C or even 25°C. Temperatures colder than 0°F (negative values) were generally rounded to the nearest 1°C. The examples in Table 1-C.9 were created by rounding to the nearest 5°C, with one exception. 1-C.3 SOFT CONVERSION FACTORS Table 1-C.10 of “soft” conversion factors is provided for convenience. Multiply the U.S. Customary value by the factor given to obtain the SI value. Similarly, divide the SI value by the factor given to obtain the U.S. Customary value. In mostcases it is appropriate to round the answer to three significant figures. 1-C.4 TABLES Table 1-C.1 Typical Size or Thickness Conversions for Fractions Fraction in U.S. Customary Units, in. Proposed SI Conversion, mm Difference, % 1/32 0.8 –0.8 3/64 1.2 –0.8 1/16 1.5 5.5 3/32 2.5 –5.0 1/8 3 5.5 5/32 4 –0.8 3/16 5 –5.0 7/32 5.5 1.0 1/4 6 5.5 5/16 8 –0.8 3/8 10 –5.0 7/16 11 1.0 1/2 13 –2.4 9/16 14 2.0 5/8 16 –0.8 11/16 17 2.6 3/4 19 0.3 7/8 22 1.0 1 25 1.6 Table 1-C.2 Typical Size or Thickness Conversions Size, in. Size, mm 1 25 11/8 29 11/4 32 11/2 38 2 50 21/4 57 21/2 64 3 75 31/2 89 4 100 41/2 114 10 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20231-C.2 – 1-C.4 Table 1-C.2 Typical Size or Thickness Conversions (Cont'd) Size, in. Size, mm 5 125 6 150 8 200 12 300 18 450 20 500 24 600 36 900 40 1 000 54 1 350 60 1 500 72 1 800 Table 1-C.3 Typical Size or Length Conversions Size or Length, ft Size or Length, m 3 1 5 1.5 200 60 Table 1-C.4 Typical Nominal Pipe Size Conversions U.S. Customary Practice SI Practice U.S. Customary Practice SI Practice NPS 1/8 DN 6 NPS 20 DN 500 NPS 1/4 DN 8 NPS 22 DN 550 NPS 3/8 DN 10 NPS 24 DN 600 NPS 1/2 DN 15 NPS 26 DN 650 NPS 3/4 DN 20 NPS 28 DN 700 NPS 1 DN 25 NPS 30 DN 750 NPS 11/4 DN 32 NPS 32 DN 800 NPS 11/2 DN 40 NPS 34 DN 850 NPS 2 DN 50 NPS 36 DN 900 NPS 21/2 DN 65 NPS 38 DN 950 NPS 3 DN 80 NPS 40 DN 1 000 NPS 31/2 DN 90 NPS 42 DN 1 050 NPS 4 DN 100 NPS 44 DN 1 100 NPS 5 DN 125 NPS 46 DN 1 150 NPS 6 DN 150 NPS 48 DN 1 200 NPS 8 DN 200 NPS 50 DN 1 250 NPS 10 DN 250 NPS 52 DN 1 300 NPS 12 DN 300 NPS 54 DN 1 350 NPS 14 DN 350 NPS 56 DN 1 400 NPS 16 DN 400 NPS 58 DN 1 450 NPS 18 DN 450 NPS 60 DN 1 500 11 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 1-C.4 Table 1-C.5 Typical Area Conversions Area in U.S. Customary Area in SI 1 in.2 650 mm2 6 in.2 4 000 mm2 10 in.2 6 500 mm2 5 ft2 0.5 m2 Table 1-C.6 Typical Volume Conversions Volume in U.S. Customary Volume in SI 1 in.3 16 000 mm3 6 in.3 100 000 mm3 10 in.3 160 000 mm3 5 ft3 0.14 m3 Table 1-C.7 Typical Pressure Conversions Pressure in U.S. Customary Pressure in SI 0.5 psi 3 kPa 2 psi 15 kPa 3 psi 20 kPa 10 psi 70 kPa 14.7 psi 101 kPa 15 psi 100 kPa 30 psi 200 kPa 50 psi 350 kPa 100 psi 700 kPa 150 psi 1 MPa 200 psi 1.5 MPa 250 psi 1.7 MPa 300 psi 2 MPa 350 psi 2.5 MPa 400 psi 3 MPa 500 psi 3.5 MPa 600 psi 4 MPa 1,200 psi 8 MPa 1,500 psi 10 MPa 12 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20231-C.4 Table 1-C.8 Typical Strength Conversions Strength in U.S. Customary, psi Strength in SI, MPa 30,000 205 38,000 260 60,000 415 70,000 480 95,000 655 Table 1-C.9 Typical Temperature Conversions Temperature, °F Temperature, °C 70 20 100 38 120 50 150 65 200 95 250 120 300 150 350 175 400 205 450 230 500 260 550 290 600 315 650 345 700 370 750 400 800 425 850 455 900 480 925 495 950 510 1,000 540 1,050 565 1,100 595 1,150 620 1,200 650 1,250 675 1,800 980 1,900 1 040 2,000 1 095 2,050 1 120 13 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 1-C.4 Table 1-C.10 Conversion Factors U.S. Customary SI Conversion Factor Notes in. mm 25.4 … ft m 0.3048 … in.2 mm2 645.16 … ft2 m2 0.09290304 … in3 mm3 16,387.064 … ft3 m3 0.02831685 … US Gal. m3 0.003785412 … psi MPa 0.0068948 Used exclusively in equations psi kPa 6.894757 Used only in text and for nameplate ft-lb J 1.355818 … °F °C 5/9(°F − 32) Not for temperature difference °F °C 5/9(°F) For temperature differences only R K 5/9 Absolute temperature lbm kg 0.4535924 … lbf N 4.448222 … in.-lb N·mm 112.98484 Use exclusively in equations ft-lb N·m 1.3558181 Use only in text 1.0988434 … Btu/hr W 0.2930711 Use for Boiler rating and heat transfer lb/ft3 kg/m3 16.018463 … 14 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20231-C.4 ð23Þ PART 2 RESPONSIBILITIES AND DUTIES 2.1 GENERAL 2.1.1 INTRODUCTION The user, Manufacturer, and Inspector involved in the production and certification of vessels in accordance with this Division have definite responsibilities or duties in meeting the requirements of this Division. The responsibilities and duties set forth in the following relate only to compliance with this Division, and are not to be construed as involving contractual relations or legal liabilities. 2.1.2 DEFINITIONS The definitions for the terminology used in this Part are contained in Annex 1-B. 2.1.3 CODE REFERENCE The Code Edition year on the User’s Design Specification and Manufacturer’s Design Report shall be the same as the Code Edition year on the Manufacturer’s Data Report. 2.2 USER RESPONSIBILITIES 2.2.1 GENERAL 2.2.1.1 It is the responsibility of the user or an agent acting on behalf of the user to provide a User’s Design Spec- ification for each pressure vessel to be constructed in accordance with this Division. The User’s Design Specification shall contain sufficient detail to provide a complete basis for design and construction in accordance with this Division. It is the user’s responsibility to specify, or cause to be specified, the effective Code edition and vessel class to be used for construction. 2.2.1.2 The User’s Design Specification shall be certified by a Certifying Engineer meeting the requirements de- scribed in Annex 2-A when the user provides the data required by 2.2.3.1(f)(1) and 2.2.3.1(f)(2) to perform a fatigue analysis. 2.2.2 MULTIPLE IDENTICAL VESSELS A single User’s Design Specification may be prepared to support the design of more than one pressure vessel that is to be located in a single, specific jurisdiction provided that the environmental requirements and jurisdictional regulatory authority applied for each installation location are clearly specified and are the same or more conservative than required. 2.2.3 USER’S DESIGN SPECIFICATION 2.2.3.1 The User’s Design Specification shall include but not necessarily be limited to the following: (a) Installation Site (1) Location (2) Jurisdictional authority if applicable (3) Environmental conditions (-a) Wind design loads including relevant factors (i.e., design wind speed, exposure, gust factors) (-b) Earthquake design loads (-c) Snow loads (-d) Lowest one day mean temperature for location (b) Vessel Identification (1) Vessel number or identification (2) Service fluid for proprietary fluids specific properties needed for design, e.g., gas, liquid, density, etc. (c) Vessel Configuration and Controlling Dimensions 15 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 2.1 – 2.2.3.1 (1) Outline drawings (2) Vertical or horizontal (3) Openings, connections, closures including quantity, type and size, and location (i.e., elevation and orientation) (4) Principal component dimensions in sufficient detail so that volume capacities can be determined (5) Support method (d) Design Conditions (1) Specified design pressure. The specified design pressure is the design pressure, see 4.1.5.2(a), required at the top of the vessel in its operating position. It shall include suitable margins required above the maximum anticipated op- erating pressure to ensure proper operation of the pressure relief devices. The MAWP of the vessel may be set equal to this specified design pressure. If the actual MAWP of the vessel is calculated, it shall not be less than the specified design pressure. (2) Design temperature and coincident specified design pressure [see 4.1.5.2(d)]. (3)Minimum Design Metal Temperature (MDMT) and coincident specified design pressure [see 4.1.5.2(e)]. (4) Dead loads, live loads, and other loads required to perform the load case combinations required in Parts 4 and 5. (e) Operating Conditions (1) Operating pressure and pressure load factor for occasional load combinations in Tables 4.1.2 and 5.3 (2) Operating temperature (3) Fluid transients and flow and sufficient properties for determination of steady-state and transient thermal gra- dients across the vessel sections, if applicable (see 5.5.2) (4) Dead loads, live loads, and other operating loads required to perform the load case combinations required in Part 5 (f) Design Fatigue Life (1) Cyclic operating conditions and whether or not a fatigue analysis of the vessel as required shall be determined in accordance with4.1.1.4. When a fatigue analysis is required, provide information in sufficient detail so that an analysis of the cyclic operation can be carried out in accordance with 5.5. (2)When a vessel is designed for cyclic conditions, the number of design cycles per year and the required vessel design life in years shall be stated. (3)When cyclic operating conditions exist and a fatigue analysis is not required based on comparable equipment experience, this shall be stated. The possible harmful effects of the design features listed in 5.5.2.2(a) through 5.5.2.2(f) shall be evaluated when contemplating comparable equipment experience. (4) Corrosion Fatigue (-a) The design fatigue cycles given by eqs. (3-F.21) and (3-F.22) do not include any allowances for corrosive conditions and may be modified to account for the effects of environment other than ambient air that may cause corro- sion or subcritical crack propagation. If corrosion fatigue is anticipated, a factor should be chosen on the basis of experi- ence or testing, by which the calculated design fatigue cycles (fatigue strength) should be reduced to compensate for the corrosion. (-b) When using eq. (3-F.22) an environmental modification factor shall be specified in the User’s Design Specification. (-c) If due to lack of experience it is not certain that the chosen stresses are low enough, it is advisable that the frequency of inspection be increased until there is sufficient experience to justify the factor used. This need for increased frequency should be stated in the User’s Design Specification. (g)Materials of Construction (1)Material specification requirements shall be in accordance with one or more of the following criteria. (-a) Specification of materials of construction in accordance with Part 3. (-b) Generic material type (i.e., carbon steel or Type 304 Stainless Steel). The user shall specify requirements that provide an adequate basis for selecting materials to be used for the construction of the vessel. The Manufacturer shall select the appropriate material from Part 3, considering information provided by the user per (3). (2) The user shall specify the corrosion and/or erosion allowance. (3) The user, when selecting the materials of construction, shall consider the following: (-a) Damage mechanisms associated with the service fluid at design conditions. Informative and nonmandatory guidance regarding metallurgical phenomena is provided in Section II, Part D, Nonmandatory Appendix A; API RP 571; and WRC Bulletins 488, 489, and 490. (-b) Minimum Design Metal Temperature and any additional toughness requirements. (-c) The need for specific weld filler material to meet corrosion resistance requirements, see 6.2.5.8. (h) Loads and Load Cases (1) The user shall specify all expected loads and load case combinations as listed in 4.1.5.3. (2) These loading data may be established by: 16 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20232.2.3.1 ð23Þ (-a) Calculation (-b) Experimental methods (-c) Actual experience measurement from similar units (-d) Computer analysis (-e) Published data (i) Overpressure Protection (1) The user shall be responsible for the design, construction and installation of the overpressure protection system unless it is delegated to the Manufacturer. This system shall meet the requirements of Part 9. (2) The type of over pressure protection intended for the vessel shall be documented in the User’s Design Specifi- cation as follows (see 9.1): (-a) Type of overpressure protection system (e.g., type of pressure relief valve, rupture disc, etc.) (-b) System design [see 9.5(e)] (3) The user shall state if jurisdictional acceptance is required prior to operation of the vessel. 2.2.3.2 Additional Requirements. The user shall state what additional requirements are appropriate for the in- tended vessel service such as: (a) Additional requirements such as non-destructive examination, restricted chemistry, or heat treatments (b) Type of weld joints and the extent of required nondestructive examinations (c) Nonmandatory or optional provisions of this Division that are considered to be mandatory for the subject vessel (d) Any special requirements for marking and their location (see 4.1 and Annex 2-F) (e) Requirements for seals and/or bolting for closures and covers (f) Additional requirements relating to erection loadings (g) Any agreements which resolve the problems of operation and maintenance control unique to the particular pres- sure vessel. See also 2.2.3.1(f)(4)(-c). (h) Specific additional requirements relating to pressure testing such as: (1) Fluid properties and test temperature limits (2) Position of vessel and support/foundation adequacy if field hydrostatic testing is required (3) Location: Manufacturer’s facility or on-site (4) Cleaning and drying (5) Selection of pressure test method (see 8.1.1) (6) Application of paints, coatings and linings [see 8.1.2(e)] 2.3 MANUFACTURER’S RESPONSIBILITIES 2.3.1 CODE COMPLIANCE 2.3.1.1 The Manufacturer is responsible for the structural and pressure-retaining integrity of a vessel or part there- of, as established by conformance with the requirements of the rules of this Division and the requirements in the User’s Design Specification. 2.3.1.2 The Manufacturer completing any vessel or part marked with the Certification Mark with the U2 Designator and class or the Certification Mark with the PRT VIII-2 Designator in accordance with this Division has the responsibility to comply with all the applicable requirements of this Division and, through proper certification, to ensure that any work by others also complies with the requirements of this Division. The Manufacturer shall certify compliance with these requirements by completing a Manufacturer’s Data Report (see 2.3.4). 2.3.1.3 The PRT VIII-2 Certificate Holder is not permitted to assume full Code responsibility for the completed ves- sel. The PRT VIII-2 Certificate Holder shall only assume responsibility for the construction and marking of completed parts. 2.3.1.4 A single Manufacturer’s Design Report may be completed and certified to document more than one pressure vessel that is to be located in a single, specific jurisdiction, provided that the details of design and construction demon- strate that the environmental requirements and jurisdictional regulatory authority applied for each installation location are the same or more conservative than required. 2.3.2 MATERIALS SELECTION 2.3.2.1 When generic material types (i.e., carbon steel or Type 304 Stainless Steel) are specified, the Manufacturer shall select the appropriate material from Part 3, considering information provided by the user per 2.2.3.1(g)(3). 2.3.2.2 Any material substitutions by the Manufacturer are subject to approval of the user. 17 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 2.2.3.1 – 2.3.2.2 ð23Þ 2.3.3 MANUFACTURER’S DESIGN REPORT 2.3.3.1 Certification of a Manufacturer's Design Report. (a) The Manufacturer’s Design Report shall be certified by a Certifying Engineer in accordance with Annex 2-B when any of the following are performed: (1) fatigue analysis (2) use of Part 5 to determine thickness of pressure parts when design rules are not provided in Part 4 (3) use of Part 5 to establish design thickness in lieu of Part 4 specified in 4.1.1.5.2 (4) use of Part 4.8 to design a quick‐actuating closure (5) a dynamic seismic analysis (b) The Manufacturer’s Design Report may be certified by an engineer or a designer in accordance with Annex 2-B when none of the conditions of (a)(1) through (a)(5) apply. 2.3.3.2 Contents of the Manufacturer's Design Report. The Manufacturer shall provide a Manufacturer’s Design Report that includes: (a) Final as-built drawings. (b) The actual material specifications used for each component. (c) Design calculations and analysis that establish that the design as shown on the drawings complies with the re- quirements of this Division for the design conditions that have been specified in the User’s Design Specification. (1) Documentation of design-by-rulecalculations in Part 4 shall include the following: (-a) The name and version of computer software, if applicable (-b) Loading conditions and boundary conditions used to address the load cases in the User’s Design Specification (-c) Material models utilized for all required physical properties (i.e., stress–strain data, modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity), strength parameters (i.e., yield and tensile strength), and allowable stresses (-d) Detailed calculations, including results from all of the applicable steps in the calculations, showing the accep- tance criteria utilized to meet the requirements of this Division. (-e) A summary of the calculation results (2) Documentation of design-by-analysis calculations in Part 5 shall include the following: (-a) A detailed description of the numerical method used, including the name and version of computer software, if applicable (-b) Description of model geometry (including element type for finite element analysis) (-c) Loading conditions and boundary conditions used to address the load cases in the User’s Design Specification (-d) Material models utilized for all required physical properties (i.e., modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, ther- mal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity), strength parameters (i.e., yield and tensile strength), strain limits, if applicable, and the design membrane stress intensity per Part 3 (-e) Description of whether material nonlinearity is utilized in the analysis including a description of the material model (i.e., stress–strain curve and cyclic stress–strain curve) (-f)Description of the numerical analysis procedure (i.e., static analysis, thermal analysis (temperature and stress), buckling analysis, natural frequency analysis, dynamic analysis) and whether a geometrically linear or nonlinear option is invoked (-g) Graphical display of relevant results (i.e., numerical model, deformed plots, and contour plots of thermal and stress results) (-h) Method used to validate the numerical model (i.e., mesh sensitivity review and equilibrium check for finite element analysis, e.g., check of hoop stress in a component away from structural discontinuity and a check to ensure that global equilibrium is achieved between applied loads and reactions at specified boundary conditions) (-i)Description of results processing performed to establish numerical analysis results (i.e., stress linearization method, use of centroidal or nodal values for stress, strain, and temperature results) (-j)A summary of the numerical analysis results showing the acceptance criteria utilized to meet the require- ments of this Division (-k) Electronic storage of analysis results including input files and output files that contain numerical analysis results utilized to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of this Division (d) Any methods of design used that are not covered by the rules of this Division. (e) The results of any fatigue analyses according to 5.5, as applicable. (f) Any assumptions used by the Manufacturer to perform the vessel design. 18 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20232.3.3 – 2.3.3.2 2.3.4 MANUFACTURER’S DATA REPORT The Manufacturer shall certify compliance to the requirements of this Division by the completion of the appropriate Manufacturer’s Data Report as described in Annex 2-C and Annex 2-D. 2.3.5 MANUFACTURER’S CONSTRUCTION RECORDS The Manufacturer shall prepare, collect and maintain construction records and documentation as fabrication pro- gresses, to show compliance with the Manufacturer’s Design Report (e.g., NDE reports, repairs, deviations from draw- ings, etc.). An index of the construction records files, in accordance with the Manufacturer’s Quality Control System, shall be maintained current (see 2-C.3). These construction records shall be maintained by the Manufacturer for the duration as specified in 2-C.3. 2.3.6 QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM The Manufacturer shall have and maintain a Quality Control System in accordance with Annex 2-E. 2.3.7 MANUFACTURER’S DESIGN PERSONNEL 2.3.7.1 The Manufacturer has the responsibility of ensuring all personnel performing and/or evaluating design ac- tivities are competent in the area of design (see Annexes 2-C and 2-J). 2.3.7.2 The Manufacturer shall maintain a controlled document, referenced in the Quality Control System, identify- ing the persons who may exercise control of the design work performed by others. 2.3.8 CERTIFICATION OF SUBCONTRACTED SERVICES 2.3.8.1 The Quality Control System shall describe the manner in which the Manufacturer (Certificate Holder) con- trols and accepts the responsibility for the subcontracting of activities. The Manufacturer shall ensure that all contracted activities meet the requirements of this Division. 2.3.8.2 Work such as forming, nondestructive examination, heat treating, etc., may be performed by others (for welding, see 6.1.4.2). It is the vessel Manufacturer’s responsibility to ensure that all work performed complies with all the applicable requirements of this Division. After ensuring compliance, and obtaining concurrence of the Inspector, the vessel may be stamped with the Certification Mark. 2.3.8.3 Subcontracts that involve welding on the pressure boundary components for construction under the rules of this Division, other than as provided in 6.1.4.2 and for repair welds permitted by the ASME material specifications, shall be made only to subcontractors holding a valid U2 Certificate of Authorization. All such subcontracted welding shall be documented on Form A-2 (see Annex 2-D). 2.3.8.4 A Manufacturer may engage individuals by contract for their services as Welders or Welding Operators, at shop or site locations shown on his Certification of Authorization, provided all of the following conditions are met: (a) The work to be done by Welders or Welding Operators is within the scope of the Certificate of Authorization. (b) The use of such Welders or Welding Operators is described in the Quality Control System of the Manufacturer. The Quality Control System shall include a requirement for direct supervision and direct technical control of the Welders and Welding operators, acceptable to the Manufacturer’s accredited Authorized Inspection Agency. (c) The Welding Procedures have been properly qualified by the Manufacturer, according to Section IX. (d) The Welders and Welding Operators are qualified by the Manufacturer according to Section IX to perform these procedures. (e) Code responsibility and control is retained by the Manufacturer. 2.3.9 INSPECTION AND EXAMINATION The Manufacturer’s responsibility for inspection and examination is summarized in Annex 7-A. 2.3.10 APPLICATION OF CERTIFICATION MARK Vessels or parts shall be stamped in accordance with the requirements in Annex 2-F. The procedure to obtain and use a Certification Mark is described in Annex 2-G. 19 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 2.3.4 – 2.3.10 2.4 THE INSPECTOR 2.4.1 IDENTIFICATION OF INSPECTOR All references to Inspectors throughout this Division mean the Authorized Inspector as defined in this paragraph. All inspections required by this Division shall be by an Inspector regularly employed by an ASME accredited Authorized Inspection Agency, as defined in ASME QAI-1, or by a company that manufacturers pressure vessels exclusively for its own use and not for resale that is defined as a User-Manufacturer. This is the only instance in which an Inspector may be in the employ of the Manufacturer. 2.4.2 INSPECTOR QUALIFICATION All Inspectors shall have been qualified in accordance with ASME QAI-1. 2.4.3 INSPECTOR’S DUTIES 2.4.3.1 It is the duty of the Inspector to make all the inspections specified by the rules of this Division. In addition, the Inspector shall make other such inspections as considered necessary in order to ensure that all requirements have been met. Some typical required inspections and verifications that are defined in the applicablerules are included in the Inspector’s responsibility for inspection and examination as summarized in Annex 7-A. 2.4.3.2 The Inspector of the completed vessel does not have the duty of establishing the accuracy of the design cal- culations but has the duty of verifying that the required design calculations have been performed. The Inspector has the duty of verifying that the Manufacturer of the completed vessel has the User’s Design Specification on file and that the requirements specified therein have been addressed in the Manufacturer’s Design Report. The Inspector shall verify that both the User’s Design Specification and the Manufacturer’s Design Report are certified in accordance with the require- ments of this Division. 2.4.3.3 The Inspector shall verify that the Manufacturer has a valid Certificate of Authorization and is working ac- cording to an approved Quality Control System including having a system in place to maintain the documentation for the Manufacturer’s construction records current with production, and the reconciliation of any deviations from the Manu- facturer’s Design Report. 2.4.3.4 The Inspector shall certify the Manufacturer’s Data Report. When the Inspector has certified by signing the Manufacturer’s Data Report, this indicates acceptance by the Inspector. This acceptance does not imply assumption by the Inspector of any responsibilities of the Manufacturer. 20 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20232.4 – 2.4.3.4 ð23Þ ANNEX 2-A GUIDE FOR CERTIFYING A USER’S DESIGN SPECIFICATION (Normative) 2-A.1 GENERAL (a)When required in 2.2.1, one or more individuals in responsible charge of the specification of the vessel and the required design conditions shall certify that the User’s Design Specification meets the requirements of this Division and any additional requirements needed for adequate design. Such certification requires the signature(s) of one or more Certifying Engineers as described in (b). One or more individuals may sign the documentation based on information they reviewed and the knowledge and belief that the objectives of this Division have been satisfied. (b) One or more individuals in responsible charge of the specification of the vessel and the required design conditions shall certify that the User’s Design Specification meets the requirements in 2.2.3. Such certification requires the signa- ture(s) of one or more Certifying Engineers with the requisite technical stature and, when applicable, jurisdictional authority to sign such a document. One or more individuals shall sign the documentation based on information they re- viewed and the knowledge and belief that the objectives of this Division have been satisfied. In addition, these indivi- duals shall prepare a statement to be affixed to the document attesting to compliance with the applicable requirements of the Code (see 2-A.2.3). 2-A.2 CERTIFICATION OF THE USER’S DESIGN SPECIFICATION 2-A.2.1 When required by 2.2.1.2, certification of the User’s Design Specification requires the signature(s) of one or more Certifying Engineers with requisite experience and qualifications as defined in Annex 2-J. The Certifying Engineer (s) shall certify that the User’s Design Specification meets the requirements of 2.2.3. (a) The Certifying Engineer(s) shall prepare a statement to be affixed to the document attesting to compliance with the applicable requirements of the Code (see 2-A.2.3). (b) This Certifying Engineer shall be other than the Certifying Engineer who certifies the Manufacturer’s Design Re- port, although both may be employed by or affiliated with the same organization. (c) The Certifying Engineer shall identify the location and authority under which he or she has received the authority to perform engineering work stipulated by the user in the User’s Design Specification. 2-A.2.2 When more than one Certifying Engineer certifies and signs the User’s Design Specification the area of ex- pertise shall be noted next to their signature under “areas of responsibilities” (e.g., design, metallurgy, pressure relief, fabrication). In addition, one of the Certifying Engineers signing the User’s Design Specification shall certify that all ele- ments required by this Division are included in the Specification. 2-A.2.3 An example of a typical User’s Design Specification Certification Form is shown in Table 2-A.1. 21 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 2-A.1 – 2-A.2.3 2-A.3 TABLES Table 2-A.1 Typical Certification of Compliance of the User’s Design Specification CERTIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE OF THE USER’S DESIGN SPECIFICATION I (We), the undersigned, being experienced and competent in the applicable field of design related to pressure vessel requirements relative to this User’s Design Specification, certify that to the best of my knowledge and belief it is correct and complete with respect to the Design and Service Conditions given and provides a complete basis for construction in accordance with Part 2, 2.2.3 and other applicable requirements of the ASME Section VIII, Division 2 Pressure Vessel Code, Class , Edition, and Code Case(s) . This certification is made on behalf of the organization that will operate these vessels (company name) . Certified by: Title and areas of responsibility: Date: Certified by: Title and areas of responsibility: Date: Certifying Engineer Seal: (As required) Date: Engineer’s registration authority: Registration authority location: Engineer’s registration number (if applicable): 22 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20232-A.3 ð23Þ ð23Þ ANNEX 2-B GUIDE FOR CERTIFYING A MANUFACTURER’S DESIGN REPORT (Normative) 2-B.1 GENERAL (a) As required in 2.3.3, one or more individuals in responsible charge of the design and construction of the vessel(s) shall certify that the Manufacturer’s Design Report is complete, accurate, and in accordance with the User’s Design Spec- ification, and that all the requirements of this Division and any additional requirements needed for adequate design have been met. Such certification requires the signature(s) of one or more individuals as described in (b). One or more indi- viduals may sign the documentation based on information they reviewed and the knowledge and belief that the require- ments of this Division have been satisfied. (b) One or more individual(s) experienced in pressure vessel design shall certify that the Manufacturer’s Design Re- port meets the requirements in 2.3.3. Such certification requires the signature(s) of one or more individuals with the requisite technical and corporate authority needed for such a document. These responsible individuals shall sign the documentation based on information they have reviewed and the knowledge and belief that the objectives of this Divi- sion have been satisfied. In addition, these individuals shall prepare a statement to be affixed to the document attesting to compliance with the applicable requirements of the Code (see 2‐B.4). (c) The Inspector shall review the Manufacturer’s Design Report and ensure that the requirements of 2.4.3 have been satisfied. 2-B.2 CERTIFICATION OF MANUFACTURER’S DESIGN REPORT BY A CERTIFYING ENGINEER 2-B.2.1 When required by 2.3.3.1(a), certification of the Manufacturer’s Design Report requires the signature(s) of one or more Certifying Engineers with requisite experience and qualifications as defined in Annex 2-J. The Certifying Engineer(s) shall certify that the Manufacturer’s Design Report meets the requirements of 2.3.3. (a) The Certifying Engineer(s) shall prepare a statement to be affixed to the document attesting to compliance with the applicable requirements of the Code (see 2-B.4). (b) This Certifying Engineer shall be other than the Certifying Engineer who certifies the User’s Design Specification, although both may be employed by or affiliated with the same organization. (c) The Certifying Engineer shall identify the location and authority under which he or she has reached the authority to perform engineering work stipulated by the user in the User's Design Specification. 2-B.2.2When more than one Certifying Engineer certifies and signs the Manufacturer’s Design Report, the area of expertise shall be noted next to their signature under “areas of responsibilities” (e.g., design, metallurgy, pressure relief, fabrication). In addition, one of the Certifying Engineers signing the Manufacturer’s Design Report shall certify that all elements required by this Division are included in the Report. 2-B.3 CERTIFICATION OF A MANUFACTURER’S DESIGN REPORT BY AN ENGINEER OR A DESIGNER When permitted by 2.3.3.1(b), certification of the Manufacturer’s Design Report requires the signature(s) of one or more engineers or designers with requisite experience and qualifications as defined in Annex 2-J. The engineer(s) or designer(s) shall certify that the Manufacturer’s Design report meets the requirements of 2.3.3. The Inspector shall re- view the Manufacturer’s Design Report and ensure that the requirements of 2.4.3 have been satisfied. (a) The engineer or designer shall prepare a statement to be affixed to the document attesting to its compliance with the applicable requirements of the Code (see 2-B.4). 23 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 2-B.1 – 2-B.3 (b)When more than one engineer or designer certifies and signs the Manufacturer’s Design Report, the area of exper- tise shall be noted next to their signature under “areas of responsibilities” (e.g., design, metallurgy, pressure relief, fab- rication). In addition, one of the engineers or designers signing the Manufacturer’s Design Report shall certify that all elements required by this Division are included in the report. 2-B.4 MANUFACTURER’S DESIGN REPORT CERTIFICATION FORM An example of a typical Manufacturer’s Design Report Certification Form is shown in Table 2-B.1. 2-B.5 TABLES Table 2-B.1 Typical Certification of Compliance of the Manufacturer’s Design Report CERTIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE OF THE MANUFACTURER’S DESIGN REPORT I (We), the undersigned, being experienced and competent in the applicable field of design related to pressure vessel construction relative to the certified User’s Design Specification, certify that to the best of my knowledge and belief the Manufacturer’s Design Report is complete, accurate and complies with the User’s Design Specification and with all the other applicable construction requirements of the ASME Section VIII, Division 2 Pressure Vessel Code, Class , Edition, and Code Case(s) . This certification is made on behalf of the Manufacturer (company name) . Certified by: Title and areas of responsibility: Date: Certified by: Title and areas of responsibility: Date: Certifying Engineer Seal: (As required) Date: Engineer’s registration authority: Registration authority location: Engineer’s registration number (if applicable): Authorized Inspector Review: Date: 24 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20232-B.3 – 2-B.5 ð23Þ ANNEX 2-C REPORT FORMS AND MAINTENANCE OF RECORDS (Normative) 2-C.1 MANUFACTURER’S DATA REPORTS 2-C.1.1 A Manufacturer’s Data Report shall be completed by the Manufacturer for each pressure vessel to be stamped with the Certification Mark. (a) For sample report forms and guidance in preparing Manufacturer’s Data Reports, see Annex 2-D. (b) A Manufacturer’s Data Report shall be filled out on Form A-1 or Form A-1P by the Manufacturer and shall be signed by the Manufacturer and the Inspector for each pressure vessel stamped with the Certification Mark with the U2 Designator and class. (c) A Manufacturer’s Data Report shall be filled out on Form A-2 by the Manufacturer and shall be signed by the Man- ufacturer and the Inspector for each part stamped with the Certification Mark with the U2 or PRT VIII-2 Designator, as applicable. Same-day production of vessel parts may be reported on a single parts-documenting Form A-2, provided all of the following requirements are met: (1) Vessel parts are identical. (2) Vessel parts are manufactured for stock or for the same user or his designated agent. (3) Serial numbers are in uninterrupted sequence. (4) The Manufacturer’s written Quality Control System includes procedures to control the development, distribu- tion, and retention of the Manufacturer’s Data Reports. (d) Horizontal spacing for information on each page may be altered as necessary. All information must be addressed; however, footnotes described in the “Remarks” block are acceptable, e.g., for multiple cases of “none” or “not applicable.” (e) The method of completing the Manufacturer’s Data Report shall be consistent. The report shall be typed or hand- written using legible printing. Handwritten additions or corrections shall be initialed and dated by the Manufacturer’s representative and Inspector. (f) Forms shall not contain advertising slogans, logos, or other commercial matter. (g)Manufacturer’s Data Report Forms may be preprinted or computer generated. Forms shall be identical in size, ar- rangement, and content, as shown in this Appendix, except that additional lines may be added or Form A-3 or Form A-4 may be used. When using forms that result in multiple pages, each page shall be marked to be traceable to the first page of the form. For Forms A-1 and A-2, each page shall contain, at the top of the page, as a minimum, the Manufacturer’s name, Man- ufacturer’s serial number, CRN (as applicable), and National Board number (as applicable), as shown on the first page of the form. Additionally, on all forms, each sheet shall contain the page number and total number of pages that compose the com- plete form. These requirements do not apply to Forms A-3 and A-4, which are intended to be single-page forms attached to another form. 2-C.1.2 Special Requirements for Layered Vessels. A description of the layered shell and/or layered heads shall be given on the Manufacturer’s Data Report, describing the number of layers, their thickness or thicknesses, and type of construction (see Table 2-D.2 for the use of Form A-3, Manufacturer’s Data Report Supplementary Sheet). An example of the use of Form A-3 illustrating the minimum required data for layered construction is given in Form A-3L. 2-C.1.3 Special Requirements for Combination Units. (a) Those chambers included within the scope of this Division shall be described on the same Manufacturer’s Data Report. This includes the following, as applicable: (1) for differential pressure design, the maximum differential design pressure for each common element and the name of the higher pressure chamber (2) for mean metal temperature design, the maximum mean metal design temperature for each common element 25 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 2-C.1 – 2-C.1.3 ð23Þ (3) for a common element adjacent to a chamber not included within the scope of this Division, the common ele- ment design conditions from that chamber (b) It is recommended that those chambers not included within the scope of this Division be described in the “Re- marks” section of the Manufacturer’s Data Report. (c) For fixed tubesheet heat exchangers, Form A-4 shall be completed in conjunction with Form A-1. 2-C.1.4 The Manufacturer shall distribute the Manufacturer’s Data Report as indicated below. (a) Furnish a copy of the Manufacturer’s Data Report to the user and, upon request, to the Inspector; (b) Submit a copy of the Manufacturer’s Data Report to the appropriate enforcement authority in the jurisdiction in which the vessel is to be installed where required by law; (c) Keep a copy of the Manufacturer’s Data Report on file in a safe repository for at least 3 yr; (d) In lieu of (b) or (c) above, the vessel may be registered and the Manufacturer’s Data Reports filed with the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors, 1055 Crupper Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43229, USA, where permitted by the jurisdiction in which the vessel is to be installed. 2-C.2 MANUFACTURER’S PARTIAL DATA REPORTS 2-C.2.1 The parts Manufacturer shall indicate under “Remarks” the extent the Manufacturer has performed any or all of the design functions. For guidance in preparing Manufacturer’s PartialData Reports, see Annex 2-D. 2-C.2.2 Manufacturer’s Partial Data Reports for pressure vessel parts requiring examination under this Division, which are furnished to the Manufacturer responsible for the completed vessel, shall be executed by the parts Manufac- turer’s Inspector in accordance with this Division (see 2.3.1.2). All Manufacturer’s Partial Data Reports, Form A-2, shall be attached to the Manufacturer’s Data Report, Form A-1 or Form A-1P. 2-C.2.3 A Manufacturer with multiple locations, each holding its own Certificate of Authorization, may transfer pressure vessel parts from one of its locations to another without Manufacturer’s Partial Data Reports, provided the Quality Control System describes the method of identification, transfer, and receipt of the parts. For cases in which a Manufacturer has multiple locations that include both shop and field locations, and the field assembly of the vessel is completed by one Manufacturer’s location that is different from the part Manufacturer’s location(s), the name of the Manufacturer responsible for field assembly shall be shown on Line 1 of the Manufacturer’s Data Report. The Manufac- turer responsible for field assembly shall complete and sign both the Shop and Field portions of the Manufacturer’s Data Report. 2-C.3 MAINTENANCE OF RECORDS 2-C.3.1 The Manufacturer shall maintain a file for three years after stamping of the vessel, and furnish to the user and, upon request, to the Inspector, the reports and records shown below. It is noted that items that are included in the Manufacturer’s Quality Control System meet the requirements of these subparagraphs. (a) User’s Design Specification (see 2.2.3) (b)Manufacturer’s Design Report (see 2.3.3) (c) Manufacturer’s Data Report (see 2.3.4) (d)Manufacturer’s Construction Records and Manufacturer’s Partial Data Reports (see 2.3.5) (1) Tabulated list of all material used for fabrication with Materials Certifications and Material Test Reports, and a record of any repairs to pressure-retaining material that require a radiographic examination by the rules of this Division. The record of the repairs shall include the location of the repair, examination results, and the repair procedures. (2) Fabrication information including all heat treatment requirements, forming and rolling procedure when pre- pared, an inspection and test plan identifying all inspection points required by the user, and signed inspection reports (3) List of any subcontracted services or parts, if applicable (4)Welding Procedure Specifications (WPS), Procedure Qualification Records (PQR), weld map and Welder/Weld- ing Operator Performance Qualification Records for each welder who welded on the vessel (5) Pressure parts documentation and certifications (6) Record of all heat treatments including post weld heat treatment (these records may be either the actual heat treatment charts or a certified summary description of heat treatment time and temperature) (7) Results of production test plates, if applicable (8) NDE procedures, records of procedure demonstrations, and records of personnel certifications 26 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20232-C.1.3 – 2-C.3.1 (9) All reports stating the results of inspection, nondestructive examinations, and testing, including radiographic examination, ultrasonic examination, magnetic particle examination, liquid dye penetrant examination, and hardness tests; and documentation of the Manufacturer’s acceptance of the examination results (10) All nonconformance reports including resolution and a detailed description of any repairs including repair pro- cedures, a sketch, photo, or drawing indicating the location and size of the repaired area (11) Charts or other records of required hydrostatic, pneumatic, or other tests. Test logs shall include the test date, testing fluid, duration of the test, temperature of the test fluid, and test pressure (12) Dimensional drawings of the as-built condition (13) Continuity records showing that the qualifications of welders, brazers, welding operators, and brazing opera- tors have been maintained 2-C.3.2 The Manufacturer shall maintain a complete set of radiographs until the signing of the Manufacturer’s Data Report, and furnish upon request to the user and, upon request, to the Inspector [see 7.5.3.1(a)]. 27 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 2-C.3.1 – 2-C.3.2 ANNEX 2-D GUIDE FOR PREPARING MANUFACTURER’S DATA REPORTS (Informative) 2-D.1 INTRODUCTION 2-D.1.1 The instructions in this Annex provide general guidance to the Manufacturer in preparing the Manufac- turer’s Data Reports as required in 2.3.4. 2-D.1.2 Manufacturer’s Data Reports required by this Division are not intended for pressure vessels that do not meet the provisions of this Division, including those of special design or construction that require and receive approval by jurisdictional authorities under, laws, rules, and regulations of the respective state or municipality in which the vessel is to be installed. 2-D.1.3 The instructions for completing the Manufacturer’s Data Reports are identified by numbers corresponding to numbers on the sample forms in this Annex (see Forms A-1, A-1P, A-2, A-3, and A-4). 2-D.1.4 Where more space is needed than has been provided on the form for any item, indicate in the space “See Remarks,” “See attached Form A-3,” or “See attached Form A-4,” as appropriate. 2-D.1.5 For fixed tubesheet heat exchangers, Form A-4 shall be completed. 2-D.1.6 It is not intended that these Manufacturer’s Data Reports replace in any way the required Manufacturer’s Design Report (see 2.3.3) or the Manufacturer’s Construction Records (see 2.3.5). It is intended that the Manufacturer’s Data Reports be used for identifying the vessel, retrieval of records, and certification of compliance with this Division and with the User’s Design Specification, by the Manufacturer and by the Inspector. 2-D.2 TABLES Table 2-D.1 Instructions for the Preparation of Manufacturer’s Data Reports Applies to Form Note No. InstructionsA-1 A-1P A-2 A-3 A-4 X X X X X 1 Name, street address, city, state or province (as applicable), and country of Manufacturer. X X … X X 2 Name and address of purchaser. X X … X X 3 Name of user, and address where vessel is to be installed. … … X … … 4 Name and address of Manufacturer who will use the vessel part in making the complete vessel X X X … X 5 Type of vessel, such as horizontal or vertical, tank, separator, heat exchanger, reactor. … … X … … 6 Brief description of vessel part (i.e., shell, two-piece head, tube, bundle). X X X X X 7 An identifying Manufacturer’s serial number marked on the vessel (or vessel part) (see Annex 2-F). X X X X X 8 Applicable Jurisdiction Registration No. X X X … X 9 Indicate drawing numbers, including revision numbers, which cover general assembly and list materials. For Canadian registration, the number of the drawing approved by the applicable jurisdictional authority. … … X … … 10 Organization that prepared drawing. X X X X X 11 Where applicable, National Board Number from Manufacturer’s Series of National Board Numbers. X X X … … 12 Issue date of Section VIII, Division 2 under which vessel was manufactured, and vessel class. X X X … … 13 All Code Case numbers when the vessel is manufactured to any Code Cases. 28 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20232-D.1 – 2-D.2 Table 2-D.1 Instructions for the Preparation of Manufacturer’s Data Reports (Cont'd) Applies to Form Note No. InstructionsA-1 A-1P A-2 A-3 A-4 X … … … … 14 To be completed when one or more parts of the vessel are furnished by others and certified on Manufacturer’s Data Report Form A-2 as required by Annex 2-F. The part manufacturer’s name and serial number should be indicated. X X X … … 15 Show the complete ASME Specification number and grade of the actual material used in the vessel part. Material is to be as designated in Section VIII, Division 2 (e.g., “SA-285 C”). Exceptions: A specification number for a material not identical to an ASME Specification may be shown only if such material meetsthe criteria in the Foreword of this Section. When material is accepted through a Code Case, the applicable Case Number shall be shown. X X X … … 16 Thickness is the nominal thickness of the material used in the fabrication of the vessel. It includes corrosion allowance. X X X … … 17 State corrosion allowance on thickness. X … X … … 18 Indicate whether the diameter is inside diameter or outside diameter. X … X … … 19 The shell length shall be shown as the overall length between closure or transition section welds, for a shell of a single diameter. In other cases, define length, as appropriate. X … X … … 20 Type of longitudinal joint in cylindrical section, or any joint in a sphere (e.g., Type No.1 butt, or seamless) per 4.2. X X X … … 21 State the temperature and time if heat treatment is performed by the Manufacturer (i.e., postweld heat treatment, annealing, or normalizing). Explain any special cooling procedure under “Remarks.” X … X … … 22 Indicate examination applied to longitudinal seams. Any additional examinations should be included under “Remarks.” X … X … … 23 Type of welding used in girth joints in the cylindrical section (see 20). X … X … … 24 Indicate examination applied to girth joints (see 22). X … X … … 25 Number of cylindrical courses, or belts, required to make one shell. X … X … … 26 Show specified minimum thickness of head after forming. State dimensions that define the head shape. X X X … … 27 Bolts used to secure removable head or heads of vessel and vessel sections. X … X … … 28 For jacketed vessels, explain the type of jacket closures used. X X X … X 29 Show the internal maximum allowable working pressure and the external maximum allowable working pressure. X X X … X 30 Show the coincident temperatures that correspond to the internal maximum allowable working pressure and the external maximum allowable working pressure, as applicable. X X X … … 31 Showminimum Charpy V-notch impact value required and impact test temperature. If exempted, indicate under “Remarks” paragraph under which exemption was taken. X X X … … 32 Show minimum design metal temperature. X X X … … 33 Show hydrostatic or other tests made with specified test pressure at top of vessel in the test position. Cross out words (pneumatic, hydrostatic, or combination test pressure) that do not apply. Indicate under “Remarks” if vessel was tested in the vertical position. See Part 8 for special requirements for combination units. X X X … … 34 Indicate nozzle or other opening that is designated for pressure relief. X X X … … 35 Show other nozzles and openings by size and type (see 50). X X X … … 36 Show opening designated for inspection. Show location. X X X … … 37 Indicate provisions for support of the vessel and any attachments for superimposed equipment. X X X … … 38 Indicate whether fatigue analysis is required per Part 4. X X X … … 39 Describe contents or service of the vessel. X X X … … 40 Space for additional comments, including any Code restrictions on the vessel or any unusual Code requirements that have been met, such as those noted in 21, 22, 24, 31, and 33, or in 1.2.1 and 1.2.2; 2-C.1.3; or 5.10. Indicate stiffening rings, if used. X X X … … 41 Certificate of Compliance block is to show the name of the Manufacturer as shown on his ASME Code Certificate of Authorization. This should be signed in accordance with organizational authority defined in the Quality Control System (see Annex 2-E). X X X … … 42 This certificate is to be completed by the Manufacturer to show the disposition of the User’s Design Specification and the Manufacturer’s Design Report, and to identify the individuals who certify them per 2.2.3 and 2.3.3, respectively (see 49). 29 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 2-D.2 Table 2-D.1 Instructions for the Preparation of Manufacturer’s Data Reports (Cont'd) Applies to Form Note No. InstructionsA-1 A-1P A-2 A-3 A-4 X X X X X 43 This certificate is to be completed by the Manufacturer and signed by the Authorized Inspector who performs the shop inspection. X X X X X 44 This National Board Authorized Inspector Commission number must be shown. X X … … … 45 This certificate is for the Authorized Inspector to sign for any field construction or assembly work (see 44 for National Board Authorized Inspector Commission number requirements). Indicate the method used to pressure test the vessel. … … … X X 46 Fill in information identical to that shown on the Data Report to which this sheet is supplementary. … … … X X 47 Fill in information for which there was insufficient space for a specific item on the Data Report Form as identified by the notation “See attached Form A-3” or “See attached Form A-4” on the Data Report. Identify the information by the applicable Data Report Item Number. … … X … … 48 Indicate data, if known. X X X … … 49 Registration locale (as required per 2.2.3 and 2.3.3). X X X … … 50 Data entries with descriptions acceptable to Inspector. Abbreviations, coded identification, or reference to Code Figure and sketch number may be used to define any generic name. For ASME B16.5 flanges, the class should be identified. Flange facing and attachment to neck is not required. Some typical abbreviations are shown below. • Flanged fabricated nozzle: CI. 300 flg • Long weld neck flange: CI. 300 Iwn • Weld end fabricated nozzle: w.e. X X X … … 51 Material for nozzle neck. Flange material not necessary. X X X … … 52 Nominal nozzle neck thickness. For ASME B16.ll and similar parts, class designation may be substituted for thickness. … … … … X 53 Fill in data required by 4.18.14.3(b). … X … … … 54 Indicate whether the heat transfer plates are gasketed, semiwelded, or brazed. … X … … … 55 Indicate the endplate width and length dimensions. … X … … … 56 Describe (a) heat transfer plate model name (b) heat transfer plate nominal thickness (c) minimum and maximum number of heat transfer plates for the given frame configuration (d) quantity of heat transfer plates installed at time of pressure test (e) minimum and maximum tightening dimension of installed heat transfer plates at the time of pressure test Table 2-D.2 Supplementary Instructions for the Preparation of Manufacturer’s Data Reports for Layered Vessels Note Letter Instructions A Letter symbols indicate instructions that supplement the instructions of Table 2-D.1. B The Form A-3L is not available preprinted as shown. It is intended as an example of suggested use of Form A-3 for reporting data for a vessel of layered construction. It is intended that the Manufacturer develop his own arrangement to provide supplementary data that describes his vessel. C Note the NDE performed (RT, PT, MT, UT). D Applies only when heads are of layered construction. E Indicates if seamless or welded. F When more than one layer thickness is used, add lines as needed. G Indicate diameter of vent holes in the layers. H Indicate whether vent holes are in random locations in each layer, or are drilled through all layers. I Indicate locations of nozzles and openings; layered shell; layered head. J Indicate method of attachment and reinforcement of nozzles and openings in layered shells and layered heads. Refer to figure number if applicable. 30 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20232-D.2 F5 F7 F15 F23 F15 F20 F21 F22 F15 F20 F21 F22 F16 F8 F2 F3 F9 F1 F21 F20 F17F26 F28 F29 F29 F31 F33 F15 F15 F15 F15 F23 F29 F29 F31 F31 F33 F20 F17 F21 F24 F27 F32 F32 F16 F21 F21 F30 F30 F32 F32 F22 F19 F24 F17 F17 F17 F31 F16 F16 F30 F30 F18 F13 F11 F22 F19 F25 F12F12 FORM A-1 MANUFACTURER’S DATA REPORT FOR PRESSURE VESSELS As Required by the Provisions of the ASME Code Rules, Section VIII, Division 2 1. Manufactured and certified by (Name and address of manufacturer) 2. Manufactured for (Name and address of purchaser) 3. Location of installation (Name and address) 4. Type Horiz. or vert. tank Mfr.’s serial no. CRN Drawing no. Nat'l. Bd. no. Yearbuilt 5. The chemical and physical properties of all parts meet the requirements of material specifications of the ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE. The design, construction, and workmanship conform to ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 2. Year Class Code case no. Items 6 to 11 incl. to be completed for single wall vessels, jackets of jacketed vessels, or shells of heat exchangers 6. Shell Material (spec. no., grade) Nom. thk. Corr. allow. Diameter Length (overall) 7. Seams Longitudinal Heat treatment Nondestructive examination Girth Heat treatment Nondestructive examination No. of courses 8. Heads: (a) Matl. (b) Matl. Spec. no., grade Spec. no., grade Location (Top, Bottom, End) Minimum Thickness Corrosion Allowance Crown Radius Knuckle Radius Elliptical Ratio Conical Apex Angle Hemispherical Radius Flat Diameter Side to Pressure (Convex or Concave) (a) (b) 9. If removable, bolts used (describe other fastenings): Matl. spec. no., grade, size, number 10. Jacket closure If bar, give dimensions If bolted, describe or sketch. Describe as ogee and weld, bar, etc. 11. MAWP (External) Impact test At test temperature of Hydro., pneu., or comb test pressure Items 12 and 13 to be completed for tube sections 12. Tubesheets Stationary matl. (spec. no., grade) Nom. thk. Attach. (wld., bolted) Floating matl. (spec. no., grade) Corr. allow. 13. Tubes Matl. (spec. no., grade) O.D. Type (straight or "U") Items 14 to 18 incl. to be completed for inner chambers of jacketed vessels, or channels of heat exchangers 14. Shell Nom. thk. Diameter Length (overall) 15. Seams Longitudinal Heat treatment Nondestructive examination Girth Heat treatment Nondestructive examination No. of courses 16. Heads: (a) Matl. (b) Matl. Spec. no., grade Spec. no., grade Location (Top, Bottom, End) Minimum Thickness Corrosion Allowance Crown Radius Knuckle Elliptical Conical Apex Angle Hemispherical Radius Flat Diameter Side to Pressure (Convex or Concave) (a) (b) 17. If removable, bolts used (describe other fastenings): Matl. spec. no., grade, size, number 18. MAWP Min. design metal temp. (External) Impact test At test temperature of Hydro., pneu., or comb test pressure at at at max. temp. Min. design metal temp.at max. temp. Radius Ratio (07/17) Diam. (subject to pressure) Corr. allow. (Diam.) Nom. thk. Attach. (wld., bolted) . (Internal) (External) (Internal) Nom. thk. Number Material (spec. no., grade) Corr. allow. (Internal) (External) (Internal) Page of 31 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 2-D.2 F F F34 35 36 F37 F35 F35 F50 F15 F51 F16 F52 F38 F21 F22 F24 F31 F33 F37 F40 F47 F42 F49 F42 F41 F41 F43 F41 F44F43 F42 F41 F49 F39 F36 F41 F7 F8 F11 FORM A-1 Items below to be completed for all vessels where applicable. 19. Nozzles inspection and pressure relief device openings 22. Service: Fatigue analysis required and Yes or no Describe contents or service Remarks: CERTIFICATION OF DESIGN User’s Design Specification on file at Manufacturer’s Design Report on file at User’s Design Specification certified by PE State Reg. No. Manufacturer’s Design Report certified by PE State Reg. No. CERTIFICATE OF SHOP COMPLIANCE We certify that the statements in this report are correct and that all details of design, material, construction, and workmanship of this vessel conform to the ASME Code for Pressure Vessels, Section VIII, Division 2. “U2” Certificate of Authorization No. expires Date Co. name Signed Manufacturer Representative CERTIFICATE OF SHOP INSPECTION Vessel made by at I, the undersigned, holding a valid commission issued by the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors and employed by of have inspected the pressure vessel described in this Manufacturer’s Data Report on and state that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the Manufacturer has constructed this pressure vessel in accordance with ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 2. By signing this certificate neither the Inspector nor his employer makes any warranty, expressed or implied, concerning the pressure vessel described in this Manufacturer’s’ Data Report. Furthermore, neither the Inspector nor his employer shall be liable in any manner for any personal injury or property damage or a loss of any kind arising from or connected with this inspection. Date Signed Commissions Authorized Inspector National Board Authorized Inspector Commission number Purpose (lnlet, Outlet, Drain, etc.) No. Diam. or Size Type Material Nom. Thk. Reinforcement Material How Attached Location 21. Support Skirt Lugs Legs Other Attached Yes or no No. No. Describe Where and how , , (07/21) Manufactured by Manufacturer’s Serial No. CRN National Board No. Page of Body Flanges on Shells 20. Body Flanges 15 27 15F F F 15 27 15F F F 15F 15F Num & Size Washer (OD, ID, thk) Washer MaterialFlange Thk Bolting No. LocationMin Hub Thk Bolting MaterialType Material How AttachedID OD Body Flanges on Heads Num & Size Washer (OD, ID, thk) Washer MaterialFlange Thk Bolting No. LocationMin Hub Thk Bolting MaterialType Material How AttachedID OD 32 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20232-D.2 CERTIFICATE OF FIELD ASSEMBLY COMPLIANCE We certify that the field assembly construction of all parts of this vessel conforms with the requirements of Section VIII, Division 2 of the ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE. “U2” Certificate of Authorization No. expires Date Co. name Signed Assembler that certified and constructed field assembly Representative (07/17) CERTIFICATE OF FIELD ASSEMBLY INSPECTION I, the undersigned, holding a valid commission issued by the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors and employed by of have compared the statements in this Manufacturer’s Data Report with the described pressure vessel and state that parts referred to as data items not included in the certificate of shop inspection, have been inspected by me and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the Manufacturer has constructed and assembled this pressure vessel in accordance with the ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 2. The described vessel was inspected and subjected to a hydrostatic test of . By signing this certificate neither the Inspector nor his employer makes any warranty, expressed or implied, concerning the pressure vessel described in this Manufacturer’s Data Report. Furthermore, neither the Inspector nor his employer shall be liable in any manner for any personal injury or property damage or a loss of any kind arising from or connected with this inspection. Date Signed Commissions Authorized Inspector National Board Authorized Inspector Commission number . FORM A-1 F41 F45 F44F43 F41 F7 F8 F11 Manufactured by Manufacturer’s Serial No. CRN National Board No. Page of 33 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 2-D.2 4. Type (Horizontal or vertical) (Gasketed, semiweld, brazed) (b) (c) (Fixed material) (Movable material) (Other material) 7. Frame compression bolts and nuts 8. Impact test 9. Heat transfer plates , , Qty. Type Material 13. Supports: 15. Remarks: 14. Service: Fatigue analysis required Lugs Legs Feet Others Attached 6. Endplates: (a) No. Quantity Width Length Thickness Corr. Allow. Heat Treat Temp. Time 10. Chamber 1, MAWP (Quantity of plates pressure tested) (Minimum tightening dimension) (Maximum tightening dimension) at max. temp MDMT at Hydro/pneu. test press. 11. Chamber 2, MAWP 12. Nozzles, connections, inspections, and pressure relief device openings: at max. temp MDMT at Hydro/pneu. test press. (Quantity) (Quantity) (Describe) (Where and how) (Yes or No) (Describe contents or service) Purpose (Inlet, Outlet, Drain, etc.) Dia. or Size Nozzle Flange Flange Rating Nozzle Thickness How Attached Location(Insp./Open.)Nom. C.A. Nozzle Flange 5. The chemical and physical properties of all parts meet the requirements of material specifications of the ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE. The design, construction, and workmanship conform to ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 2. [Edition (Year)] Code case no. Year built (National Board no.) FORM A-1P MANUFACTURER’S DATA REPORT FOR PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS As Required by the Provisions of the ASME Code Rules, Section VIII, Division 2 1. Manufactured and certified by (Name and address of Manufacturer) 2. Manufactured for (Name and address of Purchaser) 3. Location of installation (Name and address) F13F12 F1 F2 F3 F5 F54 F7 F8 F9 F27 F31 F56 F56 F56 F29 F30 F32 F32F30F29 F29 F29 F33 F33 F56 F56 F56 F55 F55 F16 F21 F21 F21F17 F35F34 F36 F35 F35 F50 F50 F36F15 F15F51 F16 F17F52 F37 F37 F37 F37 F38 F39 F40 F47F31F21 F15 F15F15 F15 (Manufacturer’s serial no.) (Drawing no.)(CRN) (Quantity, diameter, material specification, and grade) [Indicate YES and the component(s) impact tested, or NO] (Plate model) (Material specification and grade) (Thickness) (Minimum/maximum quantity of plates for frame) (07/21) Page of 34 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20232-D.2 F42 F49 F42 F41 F41 F43 F41 F44F43 F42 F41 F49 F41 F45 F44F43 F41 F7 F8 F11 FORM A-1P CERTIFICATION OF DESIGN User’s Design Specification on file at Manufacturer’s Design Report on file at User’s Design Specification certified by PE State Reg. No. Manufacturer’s Design Report certified by PE State Reg. No. CERTIFICATE OF SHOP COMPLIANCE We certify that the statements in this report are correct and that all details of design, material, construction, and workmanship of this plate heat exchanger conform to the ASME Code for Pressure Vessels, Section VIII, Division 2. “U2” Certificate of Authorization No. expires Date Name Signed Manufacturer Representative CERTIFICATE OF SHOP INSPECTION Plate heat exchanger made by at I, the undersigned, holding a valid commission issued by the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors and employed by of have inspected the plate heat exchanger described in this Manufacturer’s Data Report on Date Signed Commissions Authorized Inspector , (07/17) CERTIFICATE OF FIELD ASSEMBLY COMPLIANCE “U2” Certificate of Authorization No. expires Date Name Signed Assembler Representative CERTIFICATE OF FIELD ASSEMBLY INSPECTION I, the undersigned, holding a valid commission issued by the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors and employed by of Date Signed Commissions Authorized Inspector National Board Authorized Inspector Commission number National Board Authorized Inspector Commission number and state that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the Manufacturer has constructed this plate heat exchanger in accordance with ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 2. By signing this certificate neither the Inspector nor his/her employer makes any warranty, expressed or implied, concerning the plate heat exchanger described in this Manufacturer’s’ Data Report. Furthermore, neither the Inspector nor his/her employer shall be liable in any manner for any personal injury or property damage or a loss of any kind arising from or connected with this inspection. We certify that the field assembly construction of all parts of this plate heat exchanger conforms with the requirements of Section VIII, Division 2 of the ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE. have compared the statements in this Manufacturer’s Data Report with the described plate heat exchanger and state that parts referred to as data items not included in the certificate of shop inspection, have been inspected by me and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the Manufacturer has constructed and assembled this pressure vessel in accordance with the ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 2. The described plate heat exchanger was inspected and subjected to a hydrostatic test of . By signing this certificate neither the Inspector nor his/her employer makes any warranty, expressed or implied, concerning the plate heat exchanger described in this Manufacturer’s Data Report. Furthermore, neither the Inspector nor his/her employer shall be liable in any manner for any personal injury or property damage or a loss of any kind arising from or connected with this inspection. Manufactured by Manufacturer’s Serial No. CRN National Board No. Page of , 35 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 2-D.2 ð23Þ 1. Manufactured and certified by 2. Manufactured for 3. Location of installation 4. Type Horiz. or vert. tank Mfr’s. Serial No. Drawing No. Nat’l Board No.CRN Year built 5. The chemical and physical properties of all parts meet the requirements of material specifications of the ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE. The design, construction, and workmanship conform to ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 2. Year Class Code case No. 6. Constructed to: Drawing No. Drawing Prepared by Description of part inspected Items 7 to 12 incl. to be completed for single wall vessels, jackets of jacketed vessels, or shells of heat exchangers 7. Shell Material (Spec. No., Grade) Nom. thk. Corr. allow. diameter Length (overall) 8. Seams Longitudinal Heat treatment Nondestructive Examination Girth Heat treatment Nondestructive Examination No. of Courses 9. Heads: (a) Matl. (b) Matl. Spec., No., Grade Spec., No., Grade Location (Top, Bottom, End) Minimum Thickness Corrosion Allowance Crown Radius Knuckle Radius Elliptical Ratio Hemispherical Radius Flat Diameter Side to Pressure (Convex or Concave) (a) (b) 10. If removable, bolts used (describe other fastenings): Matl. Spec. No. Grade Size Number 11. Jacket closure If bar, give dimensions If bolted, describe or sketch. Describe as ogee and weld, bar. etc 12. MAWP (internal) (external) (internal) (external) Impact test At test temperature of Min. design metal temp. Hydro., pneu., or comb test pressure Items 13 and 14 to be completed for tube sections. 13. Tubesheets Stationary matl. (Spec. No., Grade) Diam. (Subject to pressure) Nom. thk. Corr. Allow. Attach. (wld., bolted) Floating matl. (Spec. No., Grade) (Diam. ) Nom. thk. Corr. Allow. Attach. (wld., bolted) 14. Tubes Matl. (Spec. No.. Grade) O.D. Nom. thk. Number Type (straight or "U") Items 15 to 18 incl. to be completed for inner chambers of jacketed vessels, or channels of heat exchangers 15. Shell Material (Spec. No., Grade) Nom. thk. Corr. allow. diameter Length (overall) 16. Seams Longitudinal Heat treatment Nondestructive Examination Girth Heat treatment Nondestructive Examination No. of Courses 17. Heads: (a) Matl. (b) Matl. Spec., No., Grade Spec., No., Grade 18. If removable, bolts used (describe other fastenings): Matl. Spec. No. Grade Size Number 19. Design press. at max. temp. . Charpy impact at test temp. of . Min. design metal temp. at Pneu., hydro., or comb. pressure test (07/17) FORM A-2 MANUFACTURER’S PARTIAL DATA REPORT A PART OF A pressure Vessel Fabricated by One Manufacturer for Another Manufacturer As Required by the Provisions of the ASME Code Rules, Section VIII, Division 2 (Name and address of manufacturer) (Name and address of purchaser) (Name and address) Conical Apex Angle Location (Top, Bottom, End) Minimum Thickness Corrosion Allowance Crown Radius Knuckle Radius Elliptical Ratio Hemispherical Radius Flat Diameter Side to Pressure (Convex or Concave) (a) (b) Conical Apex Angle at max. temp. at Page of F4 3 5 F1 7 8 9 11 1212 13 15 16 17 1918 6 20 21 22 21 24 2523 26 17 15 20 21 22 15 20 21 22 27 28 29 29 30 30 32 32 31 31 33 15 15 15 18 16 17 16 17 15 16 17 18 19 2221 242123 20 29 30 31 31 32 33 36 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20232-D.2 Items below to be completedfor all vessels where applicable 20. Nozzles inspection and pressure relief device openings Purpose (lnlet, Outlet, Drain, etc) No. Diam. or Size Type Material Nom. Thk. Reinforcement Material How Attached Location 22. Support Skirt Lugs Legs Other Attached Yes or No No. No Describe Where and how Remarks: Body Flanges on Shells 21. Body Flanges (07/21) FORM A-2 34 36 48 37F 15 16 3635 50 51 52 35 35 21 22 24 31 33 37 40 47 F41 F7 F8 F11 15 27 15F F F 15 27 15F F F 15F 15F Manufactured by Manufacturer’s Serial No. CRN National Board No. Page of Num & Size Washer (OD, ID, thk) Washer MaterialFlange Thk Bolting No. LocationMin Hub Thk Bolting MaterialType Material How AttachedID OD Body Flanges on Heads Num & Size Washer (OD, ID, thk) Washer MaterialFlange Thk Bolting No. LocationMin Hub Thk Bolting MaterialType Material How AttachedID OD 37 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 2-D.2 CERTIFICATION OF DESIGN User’s Design Specification on file at Manufacturer’s Design Report on file at User’s Design Specification certified by PE State Reg. No. Manufacturer’s Design Report certified by PE State Reg. No. CERTIFICATE OF SHOP COMPLIANCE “U2” or “PRT VIII-2” Certificate of Authorization No expires Date Co. name Signed Manufacturer Representative CERTIFICATE OF SHOP INSPECTION I, the undersigned, holding a valid commission issued by the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors and employed by of have inspected the part of a pressure vessel described in this Manufacturer’s Data Report on Date Signed Commissions Authorized Inspector National Board Authorized Inspector Commission number , , and state that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the Manufacturer has constructed this part in accordance with ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 2. By signing this certificate neither the Inspector nor his employer makes any warranty, expressed or implied, concerning the part described in this Manufacturer’s’ Data Report. Furthermore, neither the Inspector nor his employer shall be liable in any manner for any personal injury or property damage or a loss of any kind arising from or connected with this inspection. (07/23) We certify that the statements in this report are correct and that all details of design, material, construction, and workmanship of this vessel conform to the ASME Code for Pressure Vessels, Section VIII, Division 2. FORM A-2 42 49 42 49 42 41 43 43 44 41 41 41 7 8 11 41Manufactured by Manufacturer’s Serial No. CRN National Board No. Page of 38 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20232-D.2 FORM A-3 MANUFACTURER’S DATA REPORT SUPPLEMENTARY SHEET As Required by the Provisions of the ASME Code Rules, Section VIII, Division 2 1. Manufactured and certified by 2. Manufactured for 3. Location of installation 4. Type Data Report Item Number Remarks Date Co. name Signed Manufacturer Representative Date Signed Commissions Authorized Inspector National Board Authorized Inspector Commission number (07/17) (Name and address of manufacturer) (Name and address of purchaser) (Name and address) Horiz. or vert. tank Mfr’s. Serial No. Drawing No. Nat’l Board No.CRN Year built 2 3 1 5 7 4746 8 9 11 4643 4643 444643 39 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 2-D.2 Remarks Item 6 or 7 (a) layered construction type: (Concentric, wrapped, spiral, coil wound, shrink fit, etc.) Nom. Layer (Shell) Location Mat’l. Layer Thk. Nom. Thk.Tot. No. Courses NDE (b) Inner Shell (c) Dummy Layer (d) Layers: (e) Overwraps: Item 8 (a) Layered Construction Type: (Formed, Machined, Segmental, etc.) (Heads) (b) Inner Head (c) Dummy Layer (d) Layers: (a) Layered Construction Type: (1) Inner Head (2) Dummy Layer (3) Layers: Item 21 Diam Hole Staggered Layers or Radial Through (Vent holes in layers) (a) Layered Shell (b) Layered Head Item 24 Gaps Have Been Controlled According to the Provisions of Paragraph: (Remarks) (See 4.13.12.1, 14.13.12.2, and 14.13.12.3) Date Co. name Signed Manufacturer Representative Date Signed Commissions Authorized Inspector National Board Authorized Inspector Commission number (07/17) FORM A-3L MANUFACTURER’S DATA REPORT SUPPLEMENTARY SHEET As Required by the Provisions of the ASME Code Rules, Section VIII, Division 2 1. Manufactured and certified by 2. Manufactured for 3. Location of installation 4. Type (Name and address of manufacturer) (Name and address of purchaser) (Name and address) Horiz. or vert. tank Mfr’s. Serial No. Drawing No. Nat’l Board No.CRN Year built Data Report Item Number 3 2 1 5 15 F 16 25 15 F H 16 20E 46 A B 47 7 8 9 11 G B 44 I J C C 40 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20232-D.2 Tubesheet Min. Max. (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) Co. Name Signed Commissions Authorized Inspector Manufacturer Representative Date Date Signed National Board Authorized Inspector Commission number Data Report Item Number Remarks Design FIXED TUBESHEET HEAT EXCHANGERS Allowable Axial Differential Thermal Expansion Range (units) (units)Name of Condition Design/Operating Pressure Ranges Design/Operating Metal Temperatures Shell Side Min. (units) Max. Tube Side Shell Channel Tubes (units) Min. (units) Max. (07/19) 1. Manufactured and certified by 2. Manufactured for 3. Location of installation 4. Type (Name and address of manufacturer) (Name and address of purchaser) (Name and address) Horizontal, vertical, or sloped Mfr’s. Serial No. Drawing No. Nat’l Board No.CRN Year built FORM A-4 MANUFACTURER'S DATA REPORT SUPPLEMENTARY SHEET SHELL-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS As Required by the Provisions of the ASME Code Rules, Section VIII, Division 2 3 2 1 5 7 8 9 11 53 46 47 53 29 29 53 29 53 29 53 30 53 30 53 30 53 30 53 30 53 30 53 4643 4643 4643 464443 41 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 2-D.2 ANNEX 2-E QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM (Normative) 2-E.1 GENERAL 2-E.1.1 The Manufacturer shall have and maintain a Quality Control System that will establish that all Code require- ments, including material, design, fabrication, examination (by the Manufacturer), and inspection of vessels and vessel parts (by the Inspector), will be met. Provided that Code requirements are suitably identified, the system may include provisions for satisfying any requirements by the Manufacturer or user that exceed minimum Code requirements and may include provisions for quality control of non-Code work. In such systems, the Manufacturer of vessels and vessel parts may make changes in parts of the system that do not affect the Code requirements without securing acceptance by the Inspector (see 2.1.1). 2-E.1.2 The system that the Manufacturer uses to meet the requirements of this Division shall be one suitable for the Manufacturer’s circumstances. The necessary scope and detail of the system shall depend on the complexity of the work performed and on the size and complexity of the Manufacturer’s organization. A written description of the system the Manufacturer will use to produce a Code item shall be available for review. Depending upon the circumstances, the de- scription may be brief or extensive. 2-E.1.3 The written description may contain information of a proprietary nature relating to the Manufacturer’s pro- cesses. Therefore, the Code does not require any distribution of this information except for the Inspector’s or ASME des- ignee’s copy as covered by 2-E.15.3. It is intended that information learned about the system in connection with the evaluation will be treated as confidential and that all loaned descriptions will be returned to the Manufacturer upon completion of the evaluation. 2-E.2 OUTLINE OF FEATURES INCLUDED IN THE QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM The following is a guide to some of the features which should be covered in the written description of the Quality Control System and is equally applicable to both shop and field work. (a) The information associated with 2.3 and Annex 7-A. (b) The complexityof the work includes factors such as design simplicity versus complexity, the types of materials and welding procedures used, the thickness of materials, the types of nondestructive examinations applied, and whether heat treatments are applied. (c) The size and complexity of the Manufacturer’s organization includes factors such as the number of employees, the experience level of employees, the number of vessels produced, and whether the factors defining the complexity of the work cover a wide or narrow range. 2-E.3 AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITY The authority and responsibility of those in charge of the Quality Control System shall be clearly established. Persons performing quality control functions shall have sufficient and well-defined responsibility, the authority, and the organi- zational freedom to identify quality control problems and to initiate, recommend, and provide solutions. 42 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20232-E.1 – 2-E.3 2-E.4 ORGANIZATION An organization chart showing the relationship between management and engineering, purchasing, manufacturing, field construction, inspection, and quality control is required to reflect the actual organization. The purpose of this chart is to identify and associate the various organizational groups with the particular function for which they are responsible. The Code does not intend to encroach on the Manufacturer’s right to establish, and from time to time to alter, whatever form of organization the Manufacturer considers appropriate for its Code work. 2-E.5 DRAWINGS, DESIGN CALCULATIONS, AND SPECIFICATION CONTROL 2-E.5.1 The Manufacturer’s Quality Control System shall provide procedures which will ensure that the latest ap- plicable drawings, design calculations, specifications, and instructions, required by the Code, as well as authorized changes, are used for manufacture, assembly, examination, inspection, and testing. The system shall ensure that author- ized changes are included, when appropriate, in the User’s Design Specification and/or in the Manufacturer’s Design Report. 2-E.5.2 The Manufacturer’s or Assembler’s Quality Control System shall provide procedures that will ensure Cer- tifying Engineers and Designers performing design activities are competent for each activity they perform (see Annex 2-J). 2-E.6 MATERIAL CONTROL The Manufacturer shall include a system of receiving control that will ensure that the material received is properly identified and has documentation including required material certifications or material test reports to satisfy Code re- quirements as ordered. The system material control shall ensure that only the intended material is used in Code construction. 2-E.7 EXAMINATION AND INSPECTION PROGRAM The Manufacturer’s Quality Control System shall describe the fabrication operations, including examination, suffi- ciently to permit the Inspector or ASME designee to determine at what stages specific inspections are to be performed. 2-E.8 CORRECTION OF NONCONFORMITIES There shall be a system agreed upon with the Inspector for correction of nonconformities. A nonconformity is any condition which does not comply with the applicable rules of this Division. Nonconformities must be corrected or elimi- nated in some way before the completed component can be considered to comply with this Division. 2-E.9 WELDING The Quality Control System shall include provisions for indicating that welding conforms to requirements of Section IX as supplemented by this Division. 2-E.10 NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION The Quality Control System shall include provisions for identifying nondestructive examination procedures the Man- ufacturer or Assembler will apply to conform to the requirements of this Division. 2-E.11 HEAT TREATMENT The Quality Control System shall provide controls to ensure that heat treatments as required by the rules of this Divi- sion are applied. Means shall be indicated by which the Inspector or ASME designee will be ensured that these Code heat treatment requirements are met. This may be by review of furnace time-temperature records or by other methods as appropriate. 43 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-2023 2-E.4 – 2-E.11 ð23Þ 2-E.12 CALIBRATION OF MEASUREMENT AND TEST EQUIPMENT The Manufacturer shall have a system for the calibration of examination, measuring, and test equipment used in ful- fillment of requirements of this Division. 2-E.13 RECORDS RETENTION The Manufacturer shall have a system for the maintenance of Data Reports and records as required by this Division. Requirements for maintenance of records are given in 2-C.3. Additionally, retained records as required by this Division and the Quality Control System shall be made available to the Authorized Inspector Supervisors or to review teams de- signated by ASME. 2-E.14 SAMPLE FORMS The forms used in this Quality Control System and any detailed procedures for their use shall be available for review. The written description shall make necessary references to these forms. 2-E.15 INSPECTION OF VESSELS AND VESSEL PARTS 2-E.15.1 Inspection of vessels and vessel parts shall be by the Inspector as defined in 2.4. 2-E.15.2 The written description of the Quality Control System shall include reference to the Inspector. 2-E.15.3 The Manufacturer shall make available to the Inspector, at the Manufacturer’s plant or construction site, a current copy of the written description of the Quality Control System. 2-E.15.4 The Manufacturer’s Quality Control System shall provide for the Inspector at the Manufacturer’s plant to have access to the User’s Design Specification, the Manufacturer’s Design Report, and all drawings, calculations, speci- fications, procedures, process sheets, repair procedures, records, test results, and other documents as necessary for the Inspector to perform his duties in accordance with this Division. The Manufacturer may provide such access either to his own files of such documents or by providing copies to the Inspector. 2-E.16 INSPECTION OF PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES DELETED 44 ASME BPVC.VIII.2-20232-E.12 – 2-E.16 ð23Þ ANNEX 2-F CONTENTS AND METHOD OF STAMPING (Normative) 2-F.1 REQUIRED MARKING FOR VESSELS Each pressure vessel to which the Certification Mark with the U2 Designator and class is applied shall be marked with the following: (a) The official Certification Mark with the U2 Designator and class, as shown in Figure 2-F.1, sketch (a), which shall be stamped on vessels certified in accordance with this Division. (b) The name of the Manufacturer of the pressure vessel as it is shown on the Certificate of Authorization or an ab- breviation accepted by ASME, preceded by “Certified by.”A trademark is not considered to be sufficient identification for vessels or parts constructed to this Division. (c) The Manufacturer’s serial number (MFG SER). (d) The MAWP (Maximum AllowableWorking Pressure), internal or external, at the coincident maximum design metal temperature. When a vessel is specified to operate at more than one pressure and temperature condition, such values of coincident pressure and design temperature shall be added to the required markings. The maximum allowable working pressure (external) is required only when specified as a design condition. (e) The MDMT (minimum design metal temperature) at coincident MAWP in accordance with Part 3. (f) The year built. (g) Code Edition (see 2.1.3). (h) The construction type, i.e., all of the applicable construction types shall be marked under the Certification Mark and U2 Designator and class or, if marking is by a fabricator of pressure vessel parts only, under the Certification Mark and PRT VIII-2 Designator. WL (welded layered) is the only construction type that is required to be marked on the vessel. 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