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EISSN 1676-5133
Fit Perf J | Rio de Janeiro | 7 | 5 | 319-325 | Sep/Oct 2008
Copyright© 2008 por Colégio Brasileiro de Atividade Física, Saúde e Esporte
EISSN 1676-5133
Fit Perf J. 2008 Sep-Oct;7(5):319-25.
DSJ (VERTICAL JUMP WITHOUT COUNTER-
MOVEMENT FROM BENDING THE KNEES OVER 
120º) AND THE 30M SPRINT FROM THE REST
Martín Acero Rafael1 maracero@udc.es
Miguel Fernández Del Olmo1 mafo@udc.es
Oscar Viana González2 oviana@udc.es
Xavier Aguado Jodar3 xavier.aguado@uclm.es
Francisco J Vizcaya Pérez4 vizcaya@iat.uni-leipzig.de
doi:10.3900/fpj.7.5.319.e
Rafael MA, Olmo MF, González OV, Jodar XA, Pérez FJV. DSJ (vertical jump without counter-movement from bending the knees over 120º) and 
the 30m sprint from the rest. Fit Perf J. 2008 Sep-Oct;7(5):319-25.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The vertical jump test without counter movement knees fl exion larger than 120º (DSJ) is described 
with its relation with the SJ and CMJ the tests, and with the 30 meters race. Materials and Methods: 58 men accom-
plished four attempts for each jump test and two attempts for a 30m speed race. A variation coeffi cient (CV=2.73) is 
evidenced, which shows the DSJ as a test of great stability. Results: The results showed signifi cant differences (p≤0.01) 
among the obtained values in DSJ and in the SJ and CMJ tests. The correlation analysis among different tests of vertical 
jump showed high levels of correlation which were statistically signifi cant (p≤0.01).The DSJ shows a higher intensity 
of correlation with the CMJ. When establishing the relation between DSJ and the speed race, the correlations were 
statistically signifi cant (p≤0.01) in all cases, if observing the highest intensity with time in 30m. Discussion: The good 
reliability shown by the DSJ, its correlation levels with other jump tests (SJ, CMJ) and with the speed race timing show 
that DSJ is an effi cient test to control strength and potency.
KEYWORDS
Running, Muscle Strength, Muscle Strength Dynamometer.
1 Universidad de La Coruña - UDC - Facultad de CC. del Deporte y la E. F. - Coruña - Spain
2 Universidad de La Coruña - UDC - Coruña - Spain
3 Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha - UCLM - Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte - Castilla-La Mancha - Spain
4 Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas al Entrenamiento - Leipzig - Germany
320 Fit Perf J. 2008 Sep-Oct;7(5):319-25. 
RAFAEL, OLMO, GONZÁLEZ, JODAR, PÉREZ
DSJ (SALTO VERTICAL SEM CONTRA-MOVIMENTO A PARTIR DE FLEXÃO DE JOELHOS ACIMA DE 120º) E CORRIDA DE 
VELOCIDADE DE 30M A PARTIR DO REPOUSO
RESUMO
Introdução: Descreve-se o teste de salto vertical sem contra-movimento a partir da flexão de joelhos acima de 120º (DSJ), sua relação com os 
testes SJ e CMJ, e com a corrida de 30m. Materiais e Métodos: 58 homens realizaram quatro tentativas de cada teste de salto e duas tentativas 
de corrida de velocidade de 30m. Constata-se um coeficiente de variação (CV=2,73) que mostra a DSJ como um teste de grande estabilidade. 
Resultados: Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas (p≤0,01) entre os valores obtidos em DSJ e nos testes SJ e CMJ. A análise da cor-
relação entre os diferentes testes de salto vertical mostrou níveis altos de correlação estatisticamente significativos (p≤0,01). O DSJ mostra uma 
intensidade de correlação mais alta com o CMJ. Ao estabelecer a relação entre DSJ e a corrida de velocidade, as correlações resultaram estatisti-
camente significativas (p≤0,01) em todos os casos, se observando a maior intensidade com o tempo em 30m. Discussão: A boa confiabilidade 
mostrada pelo DSJ, seus níveis de correlação com os outros testes de salto (SJ, CMJ) e com os tempos da corrida de velocidade demonstram que 
DSJ é um teste eficaz para controle da força e a potência.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE
Corrida, Força Muscular, Dinamômetro de Força Muscular. 
DSJ (SALTO VERTICAL SIN CONTRAMOVIMIENTO DESDE FLEXIÓN DE RODILLAS MAYOR DE 120º) Y CARRERA DE 
VELOCIDAD DE 30 M DESDE PARADO
RESUMEN 
Introducción: Se describe la prueba de salto vertical sin contramovimiento desde flexión de rodillas mayor de 120º (DSJ), su relación con las 
pruebas SJ y CMJ, y con la carrera de 30m. Materiales y Métodos: 58 varones, realizaron cuatro intentos de cada prueba de salto, y dos 
intentos de carrera de velocidad de 30m. Se constata un coeficiente de variación (CV = 2,73) que muestra a DSJ como una prueba de gran 
estabilidad. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas (p≤0,01) entre los valores obtenidos en DSJ y en las pruebas SJ y 
CMJ. El análisis de la correlación entre las diferentes pruebas de salto vertical mostró niveles altos de correlación, estadísticamente significativos 
(p≤0,01). El DSJ muestra una intensidad de correlación más alta con el CMJ. Al establecer la relación entre DSJ y la carrera de velocidad, las 
correlaciones resultaron estadísticamente significativas (p≤0,01) en todos los casos, observándose la mayor intensidad con el tiempo en 30m.
Discusión: La buena fiabilidad mostrada por el DSJ, sus niveles de correlación con las otras pruebas de salto (SJ, CMJ), y con los tiempos de la 
carrera de velocidad, demuestran que DSJ es una prueba eficaz para control de la fuerza y la potencia.
PALABRAS CLAVE
Carrera, Fuerza Muscular, Dinamómetro de Fuerza Muscular.
INTRODUCTION
In tests of estimative of strength and power of the 
extensor muscles of the legs have been customary, for 
many decades, the use of vertical jump, as it is refl ected 
in numerous studies1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Technological advances 
enabled more accurately record biomechanical, metabolic 
and neuromuscular parameters involved in the movement 
of the vertical jump in different conditions, contributing 
with very relevant data and allowing its relationship with 
other manifestations of force. 
One researcher, highlighted by his enormous contri-
bution to the scientifi c, technological and methodological 
evolutions was Carmelo Bosco. His deep and extensive 
work allowed applying scientifi c knowledge to control the 
training, equipping it a more scientifi c constructo. Among 
the many contributions made by Bosco, is a set of tests for 
vertical jump grouped in the so-called Battery of Bosco: 
Squat Jump (SJ), Countermovement Jump (CMJ) and Drop 
Jump (DJ). The application in the laboratory and in the fi eld 
of this battery enabled enriches the strategies and parame-
ters of control and training of the different manifestations 
of the force produced by the extensor muscles of the legs. 
Examples are the different indexes and gradients calculated 
with different magnitudes of resistance to overcome in 
the vertical jump. The battery of Bosco2 is supplemented 
with others that, in neuromuscular or energy demand, are 
the most similar possible to determined specifi c action or 
specialty sports. Thus, there are numerous tests with few 
variations in the implementation of the vertical jump:
in one leg• 10;
321Fit Perf J. 2008 Sep-Oct;7(5):319-25.
VERTICAL JUMP AND SPRINT
with previous race or approach jump• 11,12,13;
continuous jumps - Rebound Jump, with energy • 
demand in a certain time, for example CMJ15”, or 
CMJ30” 14,15,16;
with counter-movement using the momentum of arms, • 
or Countermovement Jump with Arms (CMJA)4,17;
jumps with magnitudes of fi xed added resistance • 
(SJ25k, SJ50k ,...), or individually set from the body 
weight (BW), e.g., SJ100%BW.
Whereas the application or generation of muscular 
strength and power, in most occasions, is conditioned 
by the position, pattern of movement or the contraction 
type18 in sports performance, their evaluation should be 
as specifi c as possible19. Therefore, meeting the require-
ments of each movement or each sport, the vertical jump 
tests proposed in the literature also require, in addition 
to the previously considered variations, concrete grades 
(for rapprochement, or with absolute precision) of fl exion 
of the knee joint:
Small• - Less than 45º. For example, in the case of 
some variants of Drop Jump (DJ), the Rebound Jump 
(RJ) or RepeatedJump (CMJ15 “).
Average• - Between 60º and 90º. For example, 
in case of no counter-movement jump (SJ) or with 
counter-movement jump (CMJ; CMJA). Studies were 
performed with a bending slightly higher than 90º 20, 
some of them very recently21,22,23.
Large • - more than 120º. In the case of jumping from 
maximum deep fl exion without counter-movement 
(DSJ) and with counter-movement (DCMJ)24,25.
In tests of more conventional vertical jump (SJ, 
CMJ) are required an average flexion of the knee 
joint, which involves relatively less demands of mus-
cles that extend the hip. These muscles are particularly 
important in sport disciplines where the sport yield 
is bound to expression of a high speed race26,27. In 
speed race, in the initial traction phase, for the foot 
support, the racer of higher level developing an 
extension of the hip stronger and fast than racers of 
at lesser level28.
In this work presents the vertical jump from the deep 
bending of the knee, with more than 120º, named Deep 
Squat Jump: DSJ24,25. DSJ contributes as a test for evalu-
ating the levels of explosive power and muscle potency in 
the control and direction of the training of sports specialty 
that require high percentages of the same, especially those 
that are expressed in speed race.
Previous studies have shown that non-experienced 
adult subjects managed a mean height higher in DSJ 
that in SJ24, showing signifi cant differences between the 
two tests. It is also observed signifi cant differences when 
comparing the heights achieved in DSJ and CMJ, and 
between DSJ and CMJA (Graph 1).
In this study, it is intended to describe the relationship 
between DSJ test and 30m sprint starting from rest position, 
and its step time at 10m and 20m. Also with the tests of 
more conventional vertical jumps (SJ, CMJ).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Approval of the study
The subjects have given their written consent for par-
ticipation in this study, which was approved by the Ethics 
Committee of the Universidad de La Coruna.
Subjects
Participated 58 subjects, aged between 18 years and 
24 years, with a mean body weight (BW) of 72.4kg, a 
mean height (STA) of 175.4cm and a mean leg length 
(LL) of 90.67cm, of masculine gender and athletes with 
previous experience in carrying out the tests of vertical 
jump, who participated as volunteers in this study.
Equipment
To assess the ability of vertical jump, was used a con-
tact platform system (ErgoJump Bosco System) and Psion 
microprocessor (Datapak 32K), which allowed quantify 
the fl ight time and estimate the vertical displacement of 
the gravity center during the execution of each one of the 
jumps. In the sprint test was registered the partial time 
used to go from the start of the trial until the 10m and 
20m, in addition to the total time to go through 30m, 
with an installation of measuring time (IMT) composed 
of infrared photoelectric cells with regulation of dea-
dlock between pulses of 0.01s and 2s (Heuer, HL2-11 
model) and a chronometer (Chronoprinter Heuer 500) 
with accuracy of 0.0004% and the defi nition of 0.001s. 
IMT was complete with a contact carpet (Ergo Runner 
Bosco System) to record the contact time and the fl ight 
positions between 20m and 30m, with an accuracy of 
0.001s.
Procedures
The subjects performed two assessment sessions, on 
separate days, with a minimum of 48h between sessions. 
In the fi rst session of the tests were performed vertical jump 
and in the second session the speed race tests.
Tests for evaluating the vertical jump ability
The subjects performed four maximum attempts of 
each one of the tests (DSJ, SJ, CMJ) on the contact pla-
tform, with a recovery of 60s between each attempt.
Tests for SJ and CMJ were conducted under interna-
tionally accepted protocols, the DSJ, following recently 
published protocol24,25.
322 Fit Perf J. 2008 Sep-Oct;7(5):319-25. 
RAFAEL, OLMO, GONZÁLEZ, JODAR, PÉREZ
Protocol of the DSJ test
To perform the DSJ test, the subjects were placed 
on the platform in a position (Graph 2: A) of full squat, 
that is, with maximum bending of the knee joint (b), at 
an angle greater than 120º and after comparison and 
Individual motive adjustment of the own subject, with 
the feet at the same height and separated wit the same 
width of shoulders and hips, with the heels raised from 
the ground (a), the trunk lifted and their hands grabbing 
the waist (c). From this position and after keep it 3-4s, 
to eliminate any infl uence of elastic energy accumulated 
during the decrease in muscle-tendon components29,30, 
the subjects performed a vertical jump as high as possible 
without making any kind of counter-movement (Graph 2: 
B) and keeping the verticality of the trunk, so was indicated 
to them to sets sight on the horizon. The reception of the 
jump (Graph 2: C) on the platform will be performed with 
the knee extended (d) and the ankles in plantar fl exion (e), 
the same way as when the subject off the ground, making 
some small rebound.
The jump will not be considered valid if it is noticed 
some movement that bends the knee before starting the 
impulse, which would have neuromuscular mechanisms 
that are different of those that will be evaluated. It should 
also require a vertical displacement as possible, since any 
change in the trajectory of the gravity center would imply 
Graph 2 - Movement sequence of the test of the implementation of the vertical jump with counter-movement at maximum 
fl exion of the knee joint: DSJ
Gráfi co 1 - Resultado das alturas (cm) obtidas nos saltos 
Graph 1 - Results of height (cm) obtained in vertical 
jumps (DSJ, SJ, CMJ and CMJA-Abalakov). Highlight the 
maximum height reached in DSJ regarding SJ24.
an increase in fl ight time, and even if will require that in 
the reception the joints of the knees and ankles are fully 
extended.
Tests for evaluating the acceleration and 
maximum speed capacities
The abilities of acceleration and top speed are eva-
luated at a covered facility to match the conditions in all 
subjects and repetitions. The race was performed on a 
corridor of synthetic material, with non-specifi c sports 
shoes.
Were performed two attempts at maximum intensity of 
the test of 30m race starting (output) at the rest position of 
the, following the internationally accepted protocol. The 
subjects were completely recovered before performing 
another attempt.
The photocell of the IMT were placed at the start, 
10m, 20m and 30m, so during the speed race tests was 
recorded the time used to travel the distance from the exit 
at 10m (T0-10) from the exit at 20m (T0-20), and since 
the departure at 30m (T0-30).
Statistical analysis
First it was calculated the coeffi cient of variation (CV) 
for the jump height in order to determine the stability of 
the measurements between attempts for each one of the 
tests for vertical jump.
Continuing, in each subject, the mean is calculated for 
each type of jump and was carried out to perform ANOVA 
of repeated measures with an intra-subject factor (jump 
type: 4 levels). In case of a signifi cant effect and in order 
to establish in how many kinds of jump occurred signifi cant 
differences, were carried out post-hoc comparisons using 
the Student’s “t” test for samples related to the correction 
factor of Bonferroni. The level of signifi cance was set at 
p≤0.05.
We used the Pearson’s coeffi cient correlation and 
performed the regression analysis to demonstrate the re-
lationship between variables and the jump ability between 
these and those discussed during the test in 30m sprint 
race, starting from the rest position. Were performed tests 
to check the validity of the achieved models and fulfi lled 
all the supposed linear regression models.
323Fit Perf J. 2008 Sep-Oct;7(5):319-25.
VERTICAL JUMP AND SPRINT
RESULTS
The results obtained in jump height in the tests of 
vertical jump (mean ± standard deviation) and their co-
effi cients of variation are presented in Table 2. Regarding 
the reliability betweenrepetitions, we can prove that in the 
vertical jump tests, the coeffi cients of variation (CV) were 
more than acceptable. From this study can be seen that 
DSJ is a test with a great stability in taken measurements, 
as shows the coeffi cient of variation obtained for this 
counter-movement jump without maximum bending of 
the knees (CV=2.73).
As we can see, the subjects reach a mean height (m) 
higher in DSJ than in SJ, showing signifi cant differences 
between both tests (p≤0.01; t=7.836). If we compare 
the height achieved in the DSJ with achieved in CMJ, 
we can see that CMJ is the largest, presenting signifi cant 
difference with statistical signifi cance (p≤0.01; t=3.265). 
The comparison between SJ and CMJ also showed sta-
tistically signifi cant differences between them (p≤0.01; 
t=12.175).
The correlation test results between different tests of 
vertical jump show high levels of correlation between them 
(Table 3), and in all cases statistically signifi cant (p≤0.01). 
The DSJ shows the intensity level with highest correlation 
with the CMJ, continued with the SJ.
The time performed at the test of 30m sprint starting 
from rest position, as well as the times until 10m and 20m 
can be seen in Table 4.
Following, are presented the correlation coeffi cients 
found between the height achieved in the test of DSJ and 
those with the time obtained in tests of 30m sprint star-
ting from rest position (Table 5). Even though in all cases 
the correlations are statistically signifi cant (p≤0.01), we 
observed that the correlation of DSJ is more intense with 
0m to 30m time (T0-30).
Was obtained a linear regression model for the 30m 
sprint starting from rest position (Table 6), depending 
on the performance earned in different studied vertical 
jumps. The performance on the 30m sprint starting from 
rest position can be explained with only one jump test, 
the CMJ, which explains 53% of the variance in the race 
performance.
DISCUSSION
As in other previous studies, performed with samples 
of similar characteristics, gender and age, in this rese-
arch could prove low coeffi cient of variation (CV=2.98) 
for CMJ (Vittasalo31 found a CV=4.30, and López32 a 
CV=3.03), should take into account that in this study 
for students of physical education is required previous 
experience in vertical jumps. 
For SJ was found a more than acceptable CV (3.82). 
Was contributed to these fi nding good reproducibility 
in measurements in DSJ, as shown in the CV (2.73), 
analyzed, and the best value for stability in measurements 
made between repetitions of the three types of jump of 
this study: DSJ, CMJ and SJ. The results of this study show 
similar values to those found literature5,29 for samples with 
similar characteristics, both in vertical jump tests and in 
the 30m sprint test33. By comparing the height reached 
between the tests conducted under predominantly concen-
tric conditions (DSJ and SJ) and those performed (CMJ) 
in a position to exploit the stretch shortening cycle (SSC), 
signifi cant differences were observed, coinciding with the 
results obtained in numerous studies which try to explain 
the contribution of SSC for the implementation of vertical 
jump3,33,34,35,36,37,38,39. The differences in the jump height 
reached under SSC (CMJ), when comparing with SJ was 
Table 4 - Mean and standard deviation (SD) of the time 
spent to travel the distance from 0m to 10m (T0-10), from 
0m to 20m (T0-20), and 0m to 30m (T0-30) during the 
test of the 30m sprint starting from the rest position
mean ± sd
T0-10 (s) 1.81 ± 0.107
T0-20 (s) 3.11 ± 0.134
T0-30 (s) 4.34 ± 0.202
Table 1 - Sample characterization
age (years)
mean + sd
(STA) cm
mean + sd
(LL) cm
mean + sd
(BW) kg
mean + sd
21.45 + 2.8 175.4 + 5.9 90.67 + 4.05 72.4 + 27.87
Table 2 - Mean and standard deviation (sd) of reached 
height, and coeffi cient of variation (CV) of studied vertical 
jump tests: DSJ, SJ and CMJ
test mean + sd CV (%)
DSJ (m) 0.322 ± 0.04 2.73
SJ (m) 0.291 ± 0.05 3.82
CMJ (m) 0.331 ± 0.04 2.98
Table 3 - Correlations between tests of vertical jump: DSJ, 
SJ and CMJ
DSJ (m) SJ (m)
DSJ (m) -
SJ (m) 0.823* -
CMJ (m) 0.919* 0.856*
* p ≤ 0.01
Table 5 - Correlations between the vertical jump DSJ 
test and the times in the 30m sprint starting from the rest 
position
DSJ (m)
T0-10 (s) -0.500*
T0-20 (s) -0.616*
T0-30 (s) -0.696*
*p ≤ 0.01
324 Fit Perf J. 2008 Sep-Oct;7(5):319-25. 
RAFAEL, OLMO, GONZÁLEZ, JODAR, PÉREZ
0.04m, and when comparing with DSJ, resulted from 
0.009m. The differences coincide with the contributions 
of Young40, which refers to 12.1% increase compared to 
the CMJ and SJ. However, these differences are minimized 
regarding the DSJ, whose income is more seems to hit at 
CMJ than the obtained in SJ. Resulted very similar mag-
nitude of two performances of reached mean height, but 
produced in very different neuromuscular conditions.
When comparing the two tests without counter-mo-
vement (SJ and DSJ), we can show how the mean height 
reached is greater when performed the DSJ. This difference 
in favor of DSJ could be explained by the possibility of 
applying force for longer time, a higher trajectory of the 
route of the center of gravity and reach a maximum speed 
of implementation of greater magnitude24. Clearly, these 
DSJ characteristics are determined by the articular angle of 
the levers that, when making the movement, also change 
the length of the working muscles of the involved joints, 
the integration angle between them and the bones that 
they were formed. The change in articular angle produces 
a clear change of time during which the muscles can pro-
duce power, so that an appropriate use of the trajectory of 
an acceleration will great permit transmission of impulses, 
with the goal of increasing the speed of take-off41, which 
will result an increase of the reached height, as resulted in 
the present study when modifying, as a contribution of the 
DSJ test with respect to SJ, the maximum possible bending 
of the knee joint (higher than 120°).
In several old20 and recent21,22 investigations, sho-
wed that the angle of the knee in the starting position 
as counter-movement without affecting the jump height, 
fi nding optimum angle around 115º. However, in these 
studies, they did not fi nd what happened when performing 
the jump from a starting position of knee joint bending over 
120º, without counter-movement. In other recent work42, 
where it was wanted to know the physical characteristics 
that could better predict the performance on the vertical 
jump, was proved that even if the bending degree of the 
knee joint was not decisive, had an important role in the 
reached height. One purpose of this study was to prove the 
link between the vertical jump tests and the test of the 30m 
sprint, resulting that all the jumps (SJ and CMJ) showed 
signifi cant correlations with the sprint test, as showed the 
previous investigations33,43.
The current survey also found that the test of DSJ 
jumping had a signifi cant correlation with the sprint test. 
When observing the correlation coeffi cients of DSJ with 
the partial and fi nal times recorded in the sprint test, 
was identifi ed an increase parallel to the increase in the 
time length, it is suggested further studies to better un-
derstand the relationship between the strength onset in 
DSJ and the increase in speed. Further research should 
establish the size of the infl uence of the hip extensor 
muscles in both sprint and jump in DSJ, and thus could 
reassert contributions already assumed in the literature 
when it was reported that the acceleration of the sprint, 
the time of contact is longer than when it was already 
reached the maximum speed, mainly in the action of 
fl exion/extension of the knee, while reaching the point 
of maximum speed, predominating the action of hip 
extension8,44,45,46,47. Taking into account the results of 
this study, as the relationship between DSJ test and the 
other battery of tests of Bosco (SJ,CMJ), the relationship 
of DSJ with 30m sprint, as well as the good reliability 
of vertical jump, DSJ can be regarded as an effective 
tool for evaluating the sports performance in relation 
to the force and other explosive events derived from 
it. Through the records in DSJ, can be quantifi ed the 
performance of the jump with higher demand in neu-
romuscular concentric contraction of the extensors of 
the hip and knee.
Conducted a linear regression model, depending on 
the time recorded in different vertical jumps, to explain the 
performance in the 30m sprint starting from rest position, 
we can estimate the race time of the sprint with the single 
completion of CMJ, which explains a variance of 53%. 
This model, from just one vertical jump, is very useful for 
practical application to predict their performance knowing 
the height reached in CMJ:
T0-30= 5.365 - 0.031*CMJ
His application will be higher in relation to the 30m 
sprint starting from rest position, using it to predict or to 
control its maintenance. However, should take place se-
veral predicted models for different sports specialties and 
levels of performance.
Other studies show if DSJ can explain some variables 
of the speed race, in different circumstances than those 
examined in this study.
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T0-30 CMJ 5.365 - 0.031*CMJ 0.529 0.000
325Fit Perf J. 2008 Sep-Oct;7(5):319-25.
VERTICAL JUMP AND SPRINT
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Submitted: 05/11/2008 – Accepted: 10/03/2008